Global I History: FINAL

What is the Age of Absolutism?

A period in European history (1600s-1700s) when nations were governed by kings with total control.

What belief did absolute monarchs hold regarding their power?

They believed in divine right, meaning their power came from God and was unlimited.

Who was Peter the Great?

The absolute monarch of Russia known for westernizing and modernizing the country.

What was Louis XIV's famous quote?

'L'État, c'est moi' meaning 'The State, that's me.'

What significant religious change did Henry VIII initiate?

He created the Church of England (Anglican) after breaking from the Catholic Church.

What was the Scientific Revolution?

A change in how people viewed the world, focusing on science and reason instead of religious doctrine.

Who proposed the heliocentric theory?

Nicolaus Copernicus, stating that planets revolve around the sun.

What was Galileo's contribution to science?

He proved Copernicus's heliocentric theory and was put on trial by the Catholic Church.

What did Isaac Newton develop?

The theory of gravity.

What was one result of the Scientific Revolution?

It challenged the traditional authority of the Catholic Church.

What were the pre-Columbian civilizations?

Societies that developed in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans, including the Maya, Aztec, and Inca.

What is the significance of the Maya civilization?

They developed a calendar, a form of writing, and the concept of zero.

What agricultural technique did the Aztecs develop?

Chinampas, or floating gardens, to farm in lakes.

What was the Age of Exploration?

A period (1400s-1600s) when Europeans began sea voyages to explore and colonize new lands.

What motivated European exploration?

Desire for spices, new trade routes to Asia, and improvements in navigational technology.

Who was Vasco de Gama?

The first explorer to reach India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope.

What was the Encomienda System?

A labor system where Native Americans were forced to work for Spanish colonizers.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of people, plants, animals, and ideas between the Old World (Europe) and the New World (Americas).

What was the impact of the Black Death?

It killed 1/3 of Europe's population and led to a decline in feudalism and trade.

What is Humanism?

A Renaissance movement focusing on human potential and achievements rather than religious matters.

Who wrote 'The Prince'?

Niccolo Machiavelli, who discussed political power and leadership.

What sparked the Protestant Reformation?

Anger at the Catholic Church for its worldly concerns and the sale of indulgences.

Who was Martin Luther?

A German monk who wrote the 95 Theses, criticizing the Catholic Church's practices.

What is predestination?

The belief that God has already determined who will be saved and who will be damned, associated with John Calvin.

What was the significance of the Triangle Trade?

A trade route where Europeans transported slaves from Africa to the Americas and returned with goods.

What economic system emerged during the Age of Exploration?

Mercantilism, where colonies existed to benefit the mother country economically.

What was the Commercial Revolution?

A period of new business practices and the growth of banking during the Age of Exploration.

Who was Henry VIII?

King of England who separated from the Catholic Church to obtain a divorce.

What was one major effect of Henry VIII's separation from the Catholic Church?

The power of the church and the Pope decreased while the power of monarchs increased.

What invention helped spread ideas quickly during the Reformation?

The Printing Press, invented by Gutenberg.

How did the Printing Press contribute to the Protestant Reformation?

It allowed Martin Luther to print copies of the Bible in the vernacular, increasing accessibility.

What was the primary natural hazard faced by African civilizations?

Desertification, which reduces arable land.

What is animism?

The belief that all living and non-living things have a spirit, originating in Africa.

What were the Bantu migrations?

One of the largest movements in history, where the Bantu people spread throughout southern Africa due to land shortages.

What were the West African civilizations that thrived along the Trans-Saharan trade routes?

Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.

Who was Mansa Musa?

The most famous ruler of Mali, known for spreading Islam and making a famous hajj to Mecca.

What is the geographical structure of Japan?

An archipelago consisting of four main islands with a long and irregular coastline.

What is Shinto?

The indigenous religion of Japan that believes all living and non-living things have spirits.

What was the influence of China on early Japan?

Japan adopted writing, Buddhism, and tea from China.

What was the feudal system in Japan?

A decentralized political system where the Shogun ruled and Daimyos were landowners who provided military service.

What is Bushido?

The code of loyalty and bravery followed by Samurai in Japan.

What marked the beginning of the Middle Ages?

The fall of the Roman Empire.

What is feudalism?

A political system where kings granted land to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military service.

What is manorialism?

An economic system during the Middle Ages where peasants worked on land owned by nobles.

What role did the Catholic Church play during the Middle Ages?

It held significant political power and influence in Western Europe.

What were the Crusades?

Religious wars where Christians fought to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims.

What were the causes of the Crusades?

Desire for forgiveness of sins, belief that the Holy Land should not be controlled by Muslims, and the wish to escape feudalism.

What were the results of the Crusades?

Increased trade between Europe and the Middle East and decline of feudalism.

Who were the Mongols?

Nomads from Central Asia who established the largest empire in history under Genghis Khan.

What was the impact of Marco Polo's writings?

They increased European interest in trade with China.

What was the tribute system established by the Mongols?

A system where conquered areas were required to pay money to the Mongols annually.

What are the major beliefs of Judaism?

Monotheism, the importance of Moses and Abraham, the Ten Commandments, and the Old Testament.

What are the major beliefs of Christianity?

Monotheism, Jesus as the Messiah, the Ten Commandments, and the Bible.

What are the major beliefs of Islam?

Monotheism, the Quran, Muhammad as the prophet, and the Five Pillars of Faith.

What is the belief system of animism?

The belief that every living and non-living thing in nature has a spirit.

What is the significance of the Golden Age of Islam?

A period of great cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the Islamic world.

What is the primary belief of Confucianism?

Live in harmony with nature and maintain a perfect balance.

What is filial piety in Confucianism?

Respect for elders and the importance of family relationships.

What does the Mandate of Heaven signify?

The divine right to rule, where rulers must govern justly to maintain their authority.

What are the core beliefs of Hinduism?

Reincarnation, karma, dharma, and the caste system.

Why are cows considered sacred in Hinduism?

Cows are revered and not eaten, especially in relation to the Ganges River.

What are the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

The truths that outline the nature of suffering and the path to enlightenment.

What is the Eightfold Path in Buddhism?

A guide to ethical and mental development with the goal of freeing the individual from attachments and delusions.

What significant change occurred during the Neolithic Revolution?

Humans transitioned from nomadic lifestyles to settled farming and domestication of animals.

What is cultural diffusion?

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.

What are the common features of ancient river valley civilizations?

Polytheism, traditional economic systems, and a social structure where children inherit jobs from parents.

What is the significance of the Nile River in ancient Egypt?

It provided fertile soil for agriculture and was crucial for transportation and communication.

What is cuneiform?

An ancient writing system using wedge-shaped symbols, developed by the Sumerians.

What was the Code of Hammurabi?

The oldest written law code known for its harsh punishments.

What characterized the Golden Age of Greece?

A period of peace, prosperity, and significant achievements in art, science, and philosophy.

What was the focus of Spartan society?

Military training and discipline, with little emphasis on personal freedoms.

What was the Pax Romana?

A 200-year period of peace and stability in the Roman Empire.

What was the role of the Twelve Tables in Roman society?

They were written laws that provided stability and order by being publicly displayed.

What was the significance of Asoka the Great in India?

He promoted Buddhism and kindness, and inscribed laws on rock pillars throughout India.

What was the caste system in India?

A social hierarchy where individuals are born into a caste and cannot change their social status.

What was the Silk Road?

A trade route that connected China to the Mediterranean, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas.

What was the Byzantine Empire?

The eastern portion of the Roman Empire that survived after the fall of Rome, known for its Greek culture.

What was the Justinian Code?

A written system of laws based on Roman law that influenced many future legal systems.

What cultural influence did the Byzantine Empire have on Russia?

It introduced Eastern Orthodox Christianity and the Cyrillic alphabet.

What were the major achievements of the Tang and Song Dynasties in China?

Inventions such as gunpowder, the compass, and advancements in trade and civil service.

What is terrace farming?

A method of farming on the sides of mountains, practiced in places like Japan and by the Incas.

What is the significance of monsoons in India?

Seasonal winds that bring rain, crucial for agriculture but can also be unpredictable.