Exam 5 review sheet

viral pharyngitis

soreness, redness, and swelling of the throat mucosa and tonsils, and possible hoarseness

bacterial pharyngitis

also adds fever, headache, white patches in the throat, and bad breath

Untreated Streptococcus pyogenes infections can lead to what two serious infections?

Scarlet fever and rheumatic fever

causes the rash in scarlet fever

when the S. pyogenes becomes infected with a bacteriophage gives the bacteria the ability to produce a erythrogenic toxin

scarlet fever

sandpaper-like rash, often on neck, chest, elbows, inner thighs with high fever

Rheumatic fever

immunologic cross-reaction between the streptococcal M protein and heart muscle, effects heart valves, and arthritis

syncytial cells

giant multinucleated cells

otitis media

inflammation of the eustachian tubes and buildup of fluid in the middle ear

What conditions are needed for Legionella pneumophila to survive outside the body?

It needs freshwater and spreads when that water is aerosolized

causative agent for walking pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumonia and Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Which strain of influenza is the most severe?

type A

causative agent for tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

acid-fast rod, long, and thin. strict aerobe, grows slowly, not gram-+/-, grows serpentine cords

Pneumocystis (carinii) jirovecii

the pathogen responsible for causing pneumonia in AIDS patients

typical cause of a C. difficile infection

An overgrowth of the endogenous bacteria C. difficile that normally inhabits the large intestine, often after the environment is disrupted by long term use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

Identify bacterial sources of acute food poisoning

norovirus, salmonella, campylobacter, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus

Cycle A

worms develop in the intestines, and eggs are released through feces. Eggs are ingested by the host, hatch and develop internally.

cycle A examples

pinworm and whipworm

Cycle B

worms develop in the intestines, and eggs are released through feces. Eggs are hatched out in the environment to release the larvae which penetrate into the host through the skin

cycle B examples

hookworm

Cycle C

the eggs go into the environment via feces and are eaten by grazing animals. eggs hatch in the animals and the resulting larvae encyst in the muscles and we eat the muscles, released the larvae into our system.

cycle C example

tapeworm

Cycle D

can take same path as C and or B

How can a worm infection be detected?

O&P test and serological test

O&P test

microscopic examination of a stool sample. looks for differential blood count of increased eosinophils.

Serological test

indicates sensitivity to helminthic antigens

plaque on teeth

biofilm, a layer of normal biota bacteria

gingivitis

the initial stage of periodontal disease

defense mechanism of vagina

vagina is lined with mucous membrane acts as protective covering of secreted mucus

childhood & after menopause

mucus and secretory IgA antibodies will be presented

reproductive years

changes in pH of vagina through estrogen, stimules mucosa to secrete glycogen, bacteria ferments into acid, lowers pH

before puberty

has vastly different normal biota compared to older ages

How are neonates affected by a parent carrying gonorrhea?

causes gonococcal eye infections, leads to keratitis, ophthalmia neonatorum, blindness

Why is gonorrhea of interest to the CDC?

Created the GISP because it is caused by N. gonorrhoeae and overlaps with Chlamydia, it is the most common, with high reports, and considered to be an urgent threat for antibiotic resistance

GISP stands for

gonococcal isolate surveillance project