AP Bio Chapter 3 Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

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Carbon

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40 Terms

1

Carbon

A chemical element that naturally occurs in all organic compounds and is found in all forms of life

It can form large, complex, varied molecules

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2

Hydrocarbon

Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

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3

Vitalism

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Mechanism

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Organic molecules

Macromolecules made up of carbon and hydrogen but can include other elements

Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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Valence

Unpaired electrons on the outer shell

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(Structural) Isomer

One of two or more compounds that have the same number and kinds of atoms but with different geometric arrangements

Example: Pentane and 2-Methylbutane

<p> One of two or more compounds that have the same number and kinds of atoms but with different geometric arrangements</p><p>Example: Pentane and 2-Methylbutane</p>
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Cis-trans isomer

The carbons have covalent bonds to the same atom, but the atoms differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexible double bonds

Example: cis— But-2-ene & trans— But-2-ene

<p>The carbons have covalent bonds to the same atom, but the atoms differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexible double bonds</p><p>Example: cis— But-2-ene &amp; trans— But-2-ene</p>
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Enantiomers

Isomers that are mirror images of each other (cannot be superimposed on top of each other); usually only one is biologically active

Example: L-glucose and D-glucose

<p>Isomers that are mirror images of each other (cannot be superimposed on top of each other); usually only one is biologically active</p><p>Example: L-glucose and D-glucose</p>
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Macromolecules

A molecule containing a very large number of atoms

Examples: Any organic molecules, synthetic polymers such as polyester or nylon

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Polymer

Long molecule consisting of monomers

Example: Any organic molecules, cellulose, etc.

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Monomer

Atoms or small molecules that bond together to form polymers

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Dehydration

Two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule (synthesizing)

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14

Hydrolysis

The bond between two monomers break when a water molecule is added (breaking down)

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15

Carbohydrates

An organic compound made of sugars used as fuel or building materials

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Monosaccharides

Simplest forms of sugar; most basic units which make up disaccharides and polysaccharides

Example: glucose, fructose, galactose

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Disaccharides

Sugars made up of two monosaccharides

Example: sucrose, lactose, maltose

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Polysaccharides

Sugars made up of more than two monosaccharides

Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose

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Lipids

Organic compounds that are hydrophobic and made of mostly hydrocarbons in covalent bonds; used in energy storage, cell membrane structural components, insulation

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Hydrophobic

Little to no affinity for water

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Phospholipids

Major component of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer); made up of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group; kink due to double bonds

<p>Major component of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer); made up of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group; kink due to double bonds</p>
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Steroids

Lipids made up of four fused rings

Examples: sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen), cholesterol, bile acids

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Saturated fat

Fatty acid molecule WITHOUT double bonds

<p>Fatty acid molecule WITHOUT double bonds</p>
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Unsaturated fat

a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain

<p>a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain</p>
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Proteins

Organic macromolecule made up of polypeptide chains that are joined by peptide bonds; contain a carboxyl group, amino group, and r group

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Types of proteins

antibodies, contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, and transport proteins

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Denaturation

The loss of a protein’s native structure due to amino acid sequence alterations or a change in pH, salt concentration, or temperature

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Nucleic acids

Also called polynucleotides; made up of nucleotides; store and express genomic information

Examples: DNA and RNA

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Nucleotides

Monomers of nucleic acids; consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentane sugar, and one or more phosphate groups (only has one in DNA)

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid which carries genetic information; made up of a double-stranded helix that consist of nucleotides with one phosphate group and a deoxyribose sugar; has directionality with 5’ and 3’ ends

<p>Deoxyribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid which carries genetic information; made up of a double-stranded helix that consist of nucleotides with one phosphate group and a deoxyribose sugar; has directionality with 5’ and 3’ ends</p>
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RNA

Ribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid which contain instructions for protein synthesis; made up of a single-stranded helix that consist of nucleotides with one phosphate group and a ribose sugar

<p>Ribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid which contain instructions for protein synthesis; made up of a single-stranded helix that consist of nucleotides with one phosphate group and a ribose sugar</p>
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Primary level

The sequence of amino acids that make up the protein (determined by genes + linked by peptide bonds)

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Secondary level

The folding of the amino acid chain; depends on the amino acid arrangement and hydrogen bonds

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Tertiary level

Folding into 3D shape of the protein caused by the interactions of different R-groups in each amino acid

Examples: hydrophilic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, Van Der Waals interactions. hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds

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Quaternary level

Protein consisting of more than one polypeptide chain

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Polypeptide

unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids

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Amino acid

Molecules that make up proteins and polypeptide chains

<p>Molecules that make up proteins and polypeptide chains</p>
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Glycerol

3-carbon chain that forms triglycerides with fatty acids

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Fatty acids

Serve as a source of energy and are an important component of triglycerides

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Triglycerides

Type of lipid formed by glycerol and fatty acids; used for energy storage

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