Rhetoric & Aristotelian Proofs

A set of practice flashcards covering Aristotle’s proofs (Logos, Pathos, Ethos), reasoning methods, common rhetorical devices, and common fallacies from Page 1 notes.

What is Logos?

An appeal to reason using logic, data, and facts; it builds credibility through reason and convinces the audience intellectually.

What is Pathos?

An appeal to the audience's emotions; it stirs feelings to prompt action or agreement.

What is Ethos?

An appeal to the speaker's credibility or character; it establishes trustworthiness and authority.

What is a Syllogism?

Deductive reasoning with two premises leading to a conclusion; shows logical progression from general to specific.

What is an Enthymeme?

A syllogism with an implied premise; speeds argument by assuming shared knowledge.

What is Deduction?

General to specific reasoning; applies a general truth to a case.

What is Induction?

Specific to general reasoning; builds a generalization from evidence.

What is an Anecdote?

Short personal or biographical story used to prove a point; humanizes the argument.

What is a Rhetorical Question?

A question asked for effect, no answer expected; emphasizes a point and engages the audience.

What is an Analogy?

A comparison between two things to explain or persuade; clarifies complex ideas.

What is Anaphora?

Repetition at the start of clauses; creates rhythm and reinforces key points.

What is an Aphorism?

A brief saying with a moral truth; memorable and concise.

What is a Red Herring?

An irrelevant topic that diverts attention from the main issue.

What is a Straw Man?

Misrepresenting an argument to make it easier to attack; distorts the opponent’s position.

What is Ad Hominem?

Attacking the person instead of their argument; shifts focus to a personal attack.

What is Overgeneralization?

Broad claims drawn from limited evidence; leads to overly broad conclusions.

What is a False Dilemma?

Presenting only two options when more exist; oversimplifies choices.

What is Circular Reasoning?

Restating the claim instead of proving it; repeats the claim without evidence.

What is False Cause/Effect?

Assuming sequence implies causation; confuses correlation with causation.

What is Slippery Slope?

Arguing one step will inevitably lead to disaster; relies on fear of extreme outcomes.

What is the Bandwagon Fallacy?

Claiming something is true because many believe it; appeals to popularity.

What is the Appeal to Tradition?

Arguing something is right because it's always been done; resists change.

What are Scare Tactics?

Using exaggerated threats to persuade; uses fear to push for immediate action.

What is the Appeal to False Authority?

Using a non-expert as an authority; misuses credibility from an unrelated field.

What is Dogmatism?

Declaring a claim self-evident to the “wise”; shuts down debate.