Canadian Diversity and Policing

These flashcards cover key concepts related to the diversity in policing and the impacts of demographic changes within police forces, including issues related to discrimination.

Diversity in Policing

The inclusion of individuals from various backgrounds, such as gender, ethnicity, and culture, within police forces.

Over-Policing

A disproportionate focus by law enforcement on a racialized population or neighborhood, which can lead to increased police presence and attention.

Pretext Policing

When police conduct a stop or search for a minor violation with the intention of escalating to more intrusive interventions.

Carding

An intelligence gathering technique where a police officer stops a citizen without reasonable suspicion or probable cause, often collecting personal information.

Stop-and-Frisk

A practice where police officers stop and search individuals for illegal contraband without reasonable suspicion.

Bias-Free Policing

A requirement for police officers to make decisions based on reasonable suspicion and probable grounds, rather than stereotypes related to race, ethnicity, gender, or religion.

Systemic Racism

Institutional policies or practices that perpetuate racial group inequity through societal structures.

Representation of Women in Policing

The percentage of female officers within police forces, which has increased from 4% in 1986 to approximately 23% in 2023.

U.S. Police Workforce Diversity

In 2013, racial minorities made up about 25% of the police force, while women comprised about 12.5%.

Comparative Policing Metrics

The examination of influence by ethnic minority police officers on policing outcomes such as stops, arrests, and use of force.

Methodological Challenges in Police Discrimination Research

Issues in analyzing police discrimination, including variations among police departments and the absence of direct metrics to measure discrimination.

Gender Pay Gap in Policing

The phenomenon where male officers earn significantly more than female officers, attributed to various factors beyond direct sexism.