Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers cardiovascular responses, energy systems, and efficiency metrics during exercise based on the lecture notes.

Energy reserves (< 10 sec)

Includes creatine phosphate, dissolved $O_2$, and $PO_4$ within the muscle used for short sprints.

Anaerobic metabolism (10 to 60 sec)

The process of glycolysis where glucose is converted to $2$ pyruvate and then $2$ lactate, yielding $2$ ATP.

Aerobic metabolism (> 60 sec)

The metabolic pathway requiring $O_2$ where glucose undergoes the Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to produce $36$ ATP, $6$ $CO_2$, and $6$ $H_2O$.

VO2 Max (l/min)

Units used to measure the absolute aerobic work capacity.

VO2 Max (ml/min/kg)

Units used to represent "normalized" aerobic capacity, allowing for comparison between individuals of different body sizes.

Anaerobic threshold

The point during progressive exercise where lactate begins to rise and breathing becomes much higher.

Cardiac Output (Q)

Defined as the volume of blood pumped by the heart ventricles per minute; it is a "controlled" variable linearly related to oxygen consumption.

Predicted peak Heart Rate (HR)

Calculated by the formula $220 - \text{Age} = \text{predicted peak}$, measured in beats/min.

Relative workload

The level of effort expressed as a percentage of maximal oxygen uptake ($\text{\%VO}_2\text{-max}$); Heart Rate (HR) is a controlled variable based on this relative effort.

Energy Cost per Liter of Oxygen

$1\text{ L/min VO}_2$ is approximately equal to $5\text{ Kcal}$ (calories).

Isometric Exercise Hemodynamics

Characterized by a very large increase in Blood Pressure ($+++$) but a relatively small increase in Cardiac Output ($Q = +$).

Dynamic Exercise Hemodynamics

Characterized by a large increase in Cardiac Output ($Q = +++$) and a relatively small increase in Blood Pressure ($+$).

Master Two step stress test (1929)

Initially designed to detect coronary artery disease, it standardizes work by having subjects lift their body weight over a fixed step height at a rate set by a metronome.

Mechanical Efficiency

The ratio of $\frac{\text{Mechanical Energy Produced}}{\text{Energy put in (cost)}}$ or $\frac{\text{External work}}{\text{VO}_2}$.

Efficiency of Swimming

A very inefficient form of exercise, estimated to be approximately $3\%$, where oxygen uptake varies by stroke type (e.g., Butterfly vs. Freestyle).

Efficiency of Stationary Biking

A relatively efficient form of exercise, estimated to be approximately $25\%$, utilizing a cycle ergometer like the MONARK.