Miss.Boykins Sophomore Final

What is Mitosis?

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Why is Mitosis important?

Mitosis is important for growth, repair, and replacing old or damaged cells in multicellular organisms.

What type of cells undergo mitosis?

Somatic (body) cells undergo mitosis.

How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?

Two daughter cells are produced.

Are the daughter cells genetically identical or different from the parent cell?

They are genetically identical.

How many chromosomes do human cells have after mitosis?

46 chromosomes

What are the main phases of mitosis (in order)?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (often remembered as PMAT).

What happens during prophase?

Chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers start to form.

What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) of the cell.

What happens during anaphase?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.

What happens during telophase?

Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear membranes reform around the chromosomes, and the cell prepares to divide.

What is cytokinesis?

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, completing the formation of two separate cells.

Is cytokinesis part of mitosis?

No, it is a separate process that follows mitosis.

How is mitosis different from meiosis?

Mitosis produces 2 identical diploid cells; meiosis produces 4 genetically different haploid cells.

What is the result of a mistake in mitosis?

Mistakes can lead to cells with too many or too few chromosomes, possibly causing diseases like cancer.

Carotenoids are ?

red and orange and are considered accessory pigments.

Photosynthesis takes place inside the-?

chloroplast

Chlorophyll transforms energy into its-?

electrons

Chlorophyll absorbs light-?

well

Define Thylakoids

sac-like chlorophyll-containing membranes

Define Stroma

The fluid portion of a chloroplast outside of the thylakoid

define Electron Carrier

a compound that can accept and transfer a high-energy electron, along with most of its energy to another molecule.

True or false.. Chlorophyll absorbs light very well in the blue-violet and red regions but does not absorb light well in green regions and instead reflects it. Hence, most plants are green.

True

NADP+ does what to molecules?

carries

NADP+ accepts and hold-

s two high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion (H)

Photosynthesis uses enerygy from ____ to covert ____ and ___ ____ (LER) into ____ (glucose aka 6 sugar) and ____ (products)

Sunlight, water, Carbon Dioxide, high-energy sugar, and Oxygen

The two sets of reactions are?

Light dependent and Light-independent

Light-dependent takes place where?

Thylakoid

ADP uses the energy from the ____ and used to split ____ molecules to produce _____

Sunlight, Water, NADPH

NADPH and ATP are the outputs of the _______-______ reactions

Light dependent

another name for the Light-independent

Calvin cycle

what does Light-independent not require?

Sunlight

___ and ____ comes out of the light-independent reactions

ADP and NADP

Define Photosystem

Clusters of chlorophyll and proteins absorb sunlight/ generate high-energy electrons

Define transport chain

a series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions.

Define Electron transport chain

a series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions.

Define ATP synthase

A complex protein

Light Dependent chart.(recommend looking up the chart)

Inputs: Light Input

H2o (water) Thylakoid l Light independent

Splits-------> ATP --------> CO2 Stroma

O2 NADPH -----> C6 H12 O6

Sugar

The ___ -___ uses six molecules of carbon dioxide to produce a single 6-carbon sugar molecule in the light-independent reactions.

Calvin Cycle

What do Guard cells do?

Open and close

To prevent water loss the plants may close other.

guard cells

C4=

selective carbon pump

What are some examples of C4 plants

Sorghum, corn, sugar cane, wheat

Where does the name C4 come from

the first compound produced is a four-carbon compound.

What are some examples of Cam plants

cactus pineapple and aloe

List three things that effect photosynthesis

Water availability, Temperature, and light

__ plants have a specialized chemical pathway that allows them to capture a very low level of carbon dioxide and pass it to the Calvin cycle.

C4

Define Atomic Number

number of protons in an atom's nucleus.

define Atomic Mass

the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. (It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom.)

Define calories

The energy that is stored in food

What does the calorie C used on food labels mean

kilocalorie or 1000 calories.

Fermentation comes from the Latin word meaning?

Yeast

Haploid Number =

Half the Diploid number

Diploid Number =

2 times the Haploid number

Define Genetics

The scientific study of biological inheritance.

Define Fertilization

During sexual reproduction, male and female reproductive cells join.

Define Trait

a specific characteristic (like seed color or plant height).

Define Hybrid

The offspring of crosses between parents with different contrasting characteristics.

Define Gene

An individual's characteristics are determined by factors that are passed

Define Gametea

a reproductive cell

Define Probability

the likelihood that a particular event will occur.

Define Homozygous

refers to 2 identical alleles for a particular gene. (GG and gg)

Define Heterozygous

refers to two different alleles for the same gene. (Gg)

define Phenotype

a physical trait

What are all the External Features of a frog

Head, body, limbs,

List the Internal Features of a frog

Digestive system, Respiratory system, Circulatory system, Nervous System, Skeletal System, and Muscular System

List 3 parts of the frog's Head

Nostrils (nares), Wide mouth with sticky tongue, Flat head.

List 3 parts of the frog's Body

moist skin, Streamlined shape, smooth

List 3 parts of the frog's Limbs

forelimbs, four digits (fingers), hindlimbs

What are the frogs nostrils called?

Nares

How many toes do frogs have

5

A frog is a what?

Amphibian

Where is the frogs tongue located

Front

What is the hole in the back of the frogs mouth called?

Epiglottis

What do frogs use their teeth for?

To grab pray

What is a frogs third eyelid called?

Nictitating Membrane

Yes or no Frogs breath through their skin?

Yes

What is the frogs skin called?

cutaneous Membrane

What are the 4 adaptations of a frog?

Camouflage, Webbed feet, Jumping legs, third eyelid

Define Interphase (Not part of mitosis but occurs before it starts)

The cell grows, performs normal functions, and duplicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis.

Define Prophase

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form from centrioles.

Define Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (equatorial plate), and spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes.

Define Anaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

Define Telophase

Chromatids arrive at opposite poles, nuclear envelopes re-form around each set of chromosomes, and chromosomes begin to de-condense back into chromatin.

Define Cytokinesis (Technically not part of mitosis but occurs after)

The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells, each with a complete set of chromosomes.

Define Phenotype

is a physical trait

What did Mendel conclude determines biological inheritance?

Mendel concluded that inheritance was determined by factors, now called genes, that are passed from parents to offspring.

Define Segregation

the separation of alleles

Factors are called?

Genes

Segregation occurs during the reproduction of gametes, which are the ____ ____.

Reproductive Cells

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian scientist and priest who worked in a ____ garden.

Monastery

Define Sexual Reproduction

the production of offspring that requires union of gametes.

We have homologous Chromosomes bc....

We are the result of sexual reproduction.

Define Asexual Reproduction

The production of genetically identical offspring from a single-parent

Define Sexual Reproduction

involves the fusion of two reproductive cells formed by each of two parents.

Multicellular organisms are composed of 2 types of cells. What are they?

Somatic cells (body cells) and Reproductive cells (gametes, eggs, abd sperm cells)

True or false Cell division stops after we turn 25

False, Cell division never stops.

A red blood cell can live for up to how many months?

4

Before cell division can occur, a cell must be what?

Copied or replicated

What generally has more DNA, Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells?