Pharmacology: Intro to Pharm (Exam 1)

Some oral medications come in forms that delay what?

release of the medication

Enteric-coated medications (EC) dissolve when the medication reaches where?

the intestine

What is sustained release?

slowly release the medication through the GI tract

Capsules and extended- or sustained release forms of medications should never be what?

be crushed

Take precautions when providers prescribe medications that have the potential to cause what?

adverse drug reactions in certain populations or in combination with other medications or certain foods

Other precautions might require limiting certain types of foods or concurrent administration of specific types of medications rather than what?

restricting the medication itself

Grapefruit juice is a drink that can decrease the enzymatic metabolism of certain medications, increasing what?

their potency and risk for toxicity

Wine and processed meats that contain tyramine can cause what?

a hypertensive crisis in clients taking isocarboxazid or tranylcypromine

Calcium in milk products binds to tetracycline, thereby reducing what?

its absorption

What is an agonists?

Medication that bind to or mimic the receptor (the medication target) and precipitate a greater-than-typical response

What is an antagonists?

Medications that bind with a receptor and either block a response or precipitate a less-than-typical response

Medications that are antagonists exert their effect in either a what?

an competitive or noncompetitive manner

A medication’s duration of action is what?

the length of time the medication’s therapeutic effect lasts without additional doses

What is Loading dose

taking a significant amount of medication dose quickly then afterwards give small increments of that medication

What is a first pass effect?

when the liver inactivates some medications on their first pass through the liver, and thus they must require a nonenteral route (sublingual IV) because of their high first pass effect

What is Pharmacodynamics?

the biological changes that occur in the body as a result of taking a medication (therapeutic effects and adverse drug reactions)

Therapeutic effects are ______ effects of the medication

intended

Adverse drug reactions are the ______ effects of the medication

unintended

How to administer drugs with meals?

30 mins to 1 before eating or 2 hours after eating

Where are most medications are metabolized?

in the liver

Where are most medications excreted?

in the kidneys

What are the effects of kidney and liver disease on half life drugs?

There is a decrease in functioning in either organ and people may experience adverse and toxic effects of the meds more easily if the provider does not adjust the doage and frequency of the meds

What is an half-life medication?

The time it takes for a medication that enters the body to decrease in amount by half

What does a half-life medication reflect?

how quickly and efficiently a medication metabolizes and excretes

How many times a day does short half-life medication needs to be administered to a patient?

several times a day

How many times a day does long half-life medication needs to be administered to a patient?

only once a day

What is an ideal drug?

A medication that works well to that specific person’s body with minimal side effects and is effective, safety, and selective

Absorption is the transmission of medication from the location of administration to where?

the bloodstream

What are the most common routes of administration?

enteral (GI tract) and parenteral (by injection)

The rate of medication absorption determines what?

how soon the medication will take effect

Amount of medication the body absorbs determines what?

the intensity of its effects

The route of administration affects what?

the rate and amount of absorption

Oral absorption:

varies greatly due to food in the stomach or intestines, stability and solubility, GI gastric emptying time, concurrent medications, forms of medications

Sublingual absorption

quick absorption systematically through high vascular mucous membranes

Rectal, vaginal absorption

easy absorption with both local and systemic effects

Inhalation via mouth, nose absorption

rapid absorption through alveolar capillary networks

Intradermal, topical absorption

slow, gradual absorption

Intravenous absorption

is immediate which enters directly into the blood and completely reaches the blood in its entirely

Subcutaneous intramuscular absorption

solubility of the medication in water

High soluble medications have what type of absorption?

rapid absorption along with high blood perfusion (10 to 30 mins)

Poorly soluble medications have what type of absorption?

slow absorption along with low blood perfusion

Pharmacokinetics

refers to how medications travel through the body and undergo a variety of biochemical processes that result in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion