BIOL TISSUES

bone tissue

“osseous”; contains very little ground substance, contains a dense mineralized (calcified) matrix called hydroxyapatite, surrounded by a periosteum, osteocytes, osteocytes live in chambers called lacunae, osteocytes depend on diffusion of nutrients through channels called canaliculi, two form of bone: compact and spongy

hydroxyapatite

calcified matrix in bone tissue

osteocytes

bone cells; function of build and maintain

canaliculi

channels through which osteocytes depend on diffusion of nutrients

compact and spongy

two forms of bone

spongy

acts as scaffolding to provide strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone; in the interior of the bones of the skull, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvis, in the ends of the long bones

compact

provides great strength and support, forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured; in the outer portions of all bones, the shafts of long bones

blood and lymph

two types of fluid connective tissues

fluid matrix

each fluid connective tissue contains a distinctive collection of cells called

formed elements and plasma

blood consists of what and what?

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

what elements are in the formed elements in fluid connective tissue?

blood vessels

conduct blood throughout the body (pumped by the heart)

interstitial fluid

lymph is composed of WHAT? entering lymphatic vessels

lymphocytes

immune cells; 99% of cells in lymph are this

pump

blood has NO what??

connective tissue proper

syrupy ground substance, various fiber types, and wide variety of cells which are not permanent residents of the tissue; they migrate through connective tissues and aggregate at sits of injury

collagen, reticular and elastic

three types of protein fibers in CT proper?

collagen fibers

long, straight (unbranched) collagen protein; function as ropes and/or cables; aligned in parallel in tendons; haphazard in skin

reticular fibers

branching, interwoven network of protein fibers; tough yet flexible; resists forces applied from any direction

elastic fibers

branched and wavy elastin protein fibers; can stretch and recoil to original length

tendon

attach muscle to bone

ligaments

attach bone to bone

CT proper: loose

packing material of the body; fills in empty spaces; cushions and stabilized organs; supports epithelia, blood vessels and nerves

areolar CT proper loose

a packing material that cushions and protects soft organs

areolar CT proper loose

surrounds most organs, forms lamina propia of mucous membranes

reticular CT loose

reticular fibers create a SKELETON-LIKE FRAMEWORK that supports other cell types, including those that support blood cell development

reticular CT loose

in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver

adipose CT proper loose

store energy in the form of triglycerides; soft padding between moving organs and joints; heat conservation

adipose CT proper loose

surrounds most organs and joints; significant amounts beneath the dermis of the skin; major portion of female breasts

dense CT proper

consists mainly of densely packed collagen fibers

regular and irregular

two types of dense CT tissue?

dense regular CT proper

the collagen fibers are arranged in PARALLEL; includes tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

dense irregular CT proper

the collagen fibers are arranged RANDOMLY and haphazardly; includes blood vessels and dermis of the skin

dense regular CT proper

incredibly strong when pulled in one direction

dense irregular CT proper

strong pulled in any direction

dense regular CT proper

forms tendons and ligaments; withstands great tensile strength from one direction

dense regular CT proper

tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

dense irregular CT proper

allows organs (such as the skin) to be pulled in any direction; withstands considerable tensile strength from many directions

dense irregular CT proper

dermis of the skin, fibrous joint capsules, vessels

mucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous

four types of body membranes?

epithelial and connective tissues

body membranes are simple organs composed of what tissue (s)??

body membranes

line and cover body surfaces and form barriers

mucous membranes

line cavities that communicate the body exterior or outside environment; composed of simple epithelium on areolar CT; epithelial surface is kept moist by the secretion of mucus onto apical surface

serous membranes

synovial membrane

protects and lubricates bones in joint

cutaneous membrane

covers the entire body surface; is comparatively thick and dry; consists of stratified squamous epithelia on a layer of areolar and adipose connective tissues

synovial membrane

line synovial joints; produce a transudate called synovial fluid

fascia

connective tissue framework of the body

fascia walls

separate the body trunk into several layers; each layer composed of muscle and/or bone; provide strength and durability, separate and maintain positions of internal organs, provide routes for vessels and nerves

superficial, deep and subserous fascia

3 types of fascial walls?

superficial fascia

deep fascia

subserous fascia

superficial fascia

most superficial layer of fascia

deep fascia

separate muscle groups and bone in the body wall

subserous fascia

deepest layer of fascia that lines the ventral body cavity

deep fascia

what kind of fascia separates the solid limbs into compartments?

true

T/F? compartments separate muscle groups by action

true

T/F? limb compartments assist the heart in moving blood through veins

laminin

major protein of the basal lamina

basal lamina

what is the glue that holds epithelial tissue to connective tissue in body membranes

laminin

protein made of three polypetides intertwined in the shape of a cross

true

T/F? crosses connect together to form a meshwork

muscle tissue

specialized for contraction

myocytes

muscle cells

pull, never push

all myocytes only WHAT? they NEVER WHAT??

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

3 types of muscle tissue?

skeletal muscle

voluntary movement of the skeleton

skeletal muscle

attached to every bone of the skeletal system and to portions of the skin

skeletal muscle

very long, unbranched, and multinucleate; striated; under voluntary control

cardiac muscle

cardiac muscle

striated; involuntary; short and branched

cardiac muscle

propel blood throughout cardiovascular vessels

cardiac muscle

found exclusively in the heart

smooth muscle

around tubes; not striated and not under voluntary control; easily regenerated if injured

smooth muscle

constriction of tubular structures such as blood vessels; movement of substances through TUBULAR STRUCTURES via peristalsis; not under voluntary control

smooth muscle

around blood vessels the bronchioles; sphincter muscles; the pupil of the eye

nervous tissue

transmit and process information rapidly. transmission is achieved via electrical impulses called action potentials propogated through axons and dendrites. information processing is achieved via neural circuits composed of many neurons

nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, ganglia, peripheral nerves

neurons and neuroglia

two main cell types in nervous tissue?

neurons

transmit and process information

neuroglia

physically and metabolically support neurons

inflammation and regeneration

the body’s response to injury or disease

homeostasis

goal to restore from tissue injury is??

true

T/F? inflammation and regeneration are tissue level responses

inflammatory response

a predictable suite of responses to injury

swelling, redness, warmth, and pain

mast cells

migrating CT cells

response of tissue injury triggered by what?

histamine, prostaglandins, and heparin

mast cells release WHAT 3 THINGS to initiate and maintain inflammation?

true

these chemicals local blood vessels to dilate and increase their permeability