AP World Vocab #12

Flashcards covering key historical terms and events for exam preparation.

Muhammad Ali

Leader who modernized Egypt in the 19th century.

Suez Canal

A man-made waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912.

Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Britain over trade disputes, particularly regarding opium.

Empress Cixi

Powerful Chinese empress during the late Qing dynasty who effectively controlled the government for 47 years, initially resisting reform but later initiating some.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese revolutionary leader and founder of the Republic of China.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops.

conscription

Mandatory enlistment for military service.

Cairo

Capital city of Egypt.

Tanzimat reforms

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernization.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Chinese initiative in the late 19th century to modernize military and economy.

Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)

Political party in China advocating for nationalist policies.

Japanese Isolationism

Period when Japan severely limited foreign influence prior to the Meiji Restoration.

Commodore Matthew Perry

U.S. naval officer who opened Japan to the West in the 1850s.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last feudal Japanese military government, existing from 1603 to 1868.

Charter Oath

A set of principles announced in Japan in 1868 for modernization.

Meiji Restoration

The period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan (1868-1912).

Sino-Japanese War

Conflict between China and Japan from 1894-1895 over influence in Korea.

Russo-Japanese War

War between Russia and Japan (1904-1905) that resulted in Japan's victory.

Young Turks

A revolutionary group striving for modernization in the late Ottoman Empire.

kowtow

To kneel and touch one's forehead to the ground as a sign of respect.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)

International bank founded in Hong Kong in 1865.

Deindustrialization

The decline of industrial activity in a region or country

Sepoys

Indian soldiers serving under British or other European orders.

Famine

Severe shortage of food affecting a large number of people.

Shogun

A hereditary commander-in-chief in feudal Japan.

Daimyo

Japanese feudal lords who ruled over vast lands.

Zaibutsu

Large industrial and financial business conglomerates in Japan.

Crimean War

Conflict from 1853-1856 between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia.

Russification

Policy of forcing Russian culture and language upon non-Russian peoples.

Turkification

Policy to assimilate non-Turkish peoples into Turkish culture.

Capitulations

Agreements granting privileges to foreigners in the Ottoman Empire.

Franco-Prussian War

Conflict in 1870-1871 that united Germany and led to the downfall of France's Empire.

British East India Company

A trading company that played a key role in the British colonization of India.

Lord Cornwallis

British general responsible for major campaigns during the American Revolutionary War and reforms in India.

Blood and Iron

Phrase used by Otto von Bismarck highlighting the importance of military power.

Otto von Bismarck

German statesman who unified Germany in the 19th century.