ANAPHY MICROSCOPE

Microscope

An optical instrument designed to produce magnified visual or photographic images of small objects.

Reading stone

1000 AD; the first vision instrument

Zacharias Janssen

16th century; who was an eyeglass maker experimented with multiple lenses which were placed in a tube.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 

17th century; Father of microscopy, also the father of microbiology; made the Simple microscope; First person to see and describe bacteria, protozoa, yeast, and sperm

Robert Hooke

17th century; The first to use the basic microscope with 2 converging lens systems; made the Compound microscope; Micrographia; First man to discover the cellular structure of cork

Frits Zernike

1930’s; Invented the phase-contrast microscope that is used for the study of colorless and transparent biological materials

Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll

1931; Invented the electron microscope

Simple microscope

Uses a single lens for magnification; Natural light is the source to see the object; The condenser lens is not present; Non-adjusting magnification

Compound microscope

Most commonly used; Used two lens systems to magnify the image; Light illuminatedCondenser lens is present; Can have up to 4 objective lenses of different magnifications

Dissecting microscope

Also known as the Stereoscopic Microscope or Stereoscope; Light illuminated; The image that appears is three-dimensional; Used to study the surfaces of the solid specimens

Phase-contrast microscope

A contrast-enchancing optical technique; An instrument that permits the study of internal cell structure without the need to stain; Used to count platelets; Makes the colorless material seeable

Polarized light microscope

A polarized-enhancing technique used to identify substances such as crystals in urine and other body fluids

Dark field microscope

Employs a special condenser; Use for the demonstration of very thin bacteria; Helpful in microbiology in the identification of spirochetes

Electron microscope

Use a beam of electrons as a source of illumination; Living specimen is destroyed by the high radiation of electron beam

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Produces a 3-dimensional image of the specimen’s surface features

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Produces a 2-dimensional image of specimen; Provides for detailed structure of the internal features

Eyepiece

also known as ocular

Nosepiece

allows for easy rotation from one objective lens to another

Stage

supports the prepared microscope slide

Stage clips

to hold the specimen in place

Condenser lens

focus light onto the specimen

Disk diaphragm and Iris diaphragm

What are the two types of Diaphragm?

Critical illumination

The light source is focused at the specimen

Koehler (Köhler) illumination

The light source is focused at the condenser aperture diaphragm

NA (Numerical Aperture)

Regulates the balance between contrast and resolution; The equation that describes the relationship of the angle of light that the objective collects and the refractive index of the medium between the specimen and the objective

Micrographia

What was the book that Robert Hooke wrote?