Nutrition and Diet Therapy – Midterm Review Flashcards

Question-and-answer style flashcards covering key concepts from basic nutrition terms, macronutrients, micronutrients, life-span nutrition, assessment tools, and clinical applications.

What is the WHO definition of health?

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Define nursing as a profession.

A caring profession practiced with an earnest concern for the art of care and the science of health.

What is nutrition?

The science that interprets nutrients and other food substances in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health, and disease.

Who is known as the “Father of Nutrition and Chemistry” and what did he discover?

Antoine Lavoisier – discovered the concept of metabolism (conversion of food and oxygen to heat and water).

How many calories are provided per gram of carbohydrate?

4 calories per gram.

How many calories are provided per gram of protein?

4 calories per gram.

How many calories are provided per gram of fat?

9 calories per gram.

What percentage of total energy should carbohydrates supply?

50–70 % of total energy requirement.

Name the three monosaccharides.

Glucose, fructose, galactose.

Which sugar is referred to as “blood sugar”?

Glucose.

What is ketosis?

A condition in which inadequate carbohydrate leads to increased fat breakdown and formation of ketone bodies.

What disaccharide is called cane or table sugar?

Sucrose (glucose + fructose).

What is the storage form of carbohydrate in plants?

Starch.

What is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals?

Glycogen.

Give the daily fiber requirement for adults.

20–35 g per day.

List two symptoms of carbohydrate deficiency.

Hypoglycemia and rapid weight loss (others: weakness, fainting).

Excessive carbohydrate intake increases risk for which dental problem?

Dental caries.

What Greek word is protein derived from and what does it mean?

Proteios – “to hold first place.”

How much of total energy should protein supply?

10–15 % of total energy needs.

Name three essential amino acids.

Any three of: Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine.

What is marasmus?

Protein-calorie deficiency causing severe wasting in children 6 months–4 years old.

What is kwashiorkor?

Protein deficiency in children 1–6 years causing edema, fatty liver, skin and hair changes.

Give one effect of excessive protein intake on kidneys.

Increases renal workload, possibly impairing kidney function.

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

Vitamins A, D, E, K.

State two general features of fat-soluble vitamins.

Stored in the body and deficiency develops slowly (also have precursors, not needed daily).

What is the precursor of vitamin A?

Carotene.

Name two signs of vitamin A deficiency.

Night blindness and xerophthalmia/Bitot’s spots (others: rough skin, poor immunity).

Which vitamin helps calcium and phosphorus absorption?

Vitamin D.

What childhood disease results from vitamin D deficiency?

Rickets.

What is the main antioxidant vitamin stored in adipose tissue?

Vitamin E (tocopherol).

Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

Vitamin K.

Give one water-soluble vitamin that must be supplied daily.

Any of: Vitamin C, B-complex vitamins.

What disease is prevented by vitamin C?

Scurvy.

Deficiency of thiamine (B1) causes which condition?

Beri-beri (wet or dry).

Which B-vitamin deficiency leads to pellagra (3 Ds)?

Niacin (B3).

Folic acid deficiency during pregnancy can cause what defect?

Neural tube defects in the fetus.

What mineral is the most abundant in the body and vital for bones?

Calcium.

Normal adult serum sodium range (mEq/L)?

135–145 mEq/L.

Which mineral prevents goiter?

Iodine.

Name two sources of heme iron.

Liver, red meat (others: poultry, fish).

What trace mineral is required for thyroid hormone production?

Iodine.

Define Body Mass Index (BMI).

Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m²).

BMI range for normal/healthy adults.

18.5–24.9 kg/m².

What is the formula for basal metabolic rate (rule of thumb) in males?

1 kcal × body weight (kg) × 24 hours.

List the five physical activity multipliers (Krause method).

Bed rest 27.5, sedentary 30, light 35, moderate 40, heavy 45 kcal/kg.

State carbohydrate, protein, fat distribution for Method 1 diet planning.

60 % CHO, 15 % protein, 25 % fat.

Give the additional daily caloric requirement during pregnancy.

+300 kcal per day.

Recommended total weight gain in pregnancy.

11.2–16 kg (25–35 lb).

Which mineral supplement (dosage) is routinely given during pregnancy to prevent anemia?

Iron 60 mg elemental iron daily (DOH).

Define PICA.

Persistent ingestion of non-nutritive substances with little nutritional value.

At what age should complementary foods start for infants?

Around 6 months while continuing breastfeeding.

State two benefits of breastfeeding for the mother.

Promotes uterine contraction; reduces risk of ovarian & breast cancers (others: bonding, economical).

Daily caloric requirement of a toddler (1–3 years).

1,300–1,400 kcal or about 100 kcal/kg/day.

Physiologic anorexia is common in which age group?

Toddlers (1–3 years) due to busy play.

Define pre-school age range and kcal need.

3–6 years; approx. 1,700–1,800 kcal/day (85 kcal/kg).

School-age children calorie requirement (7–12 y).

2,100–2,400 kcal/day.

Protein requirement for children 10–12 years.

43–48 g per day.

Daily caloric need of adolescent boys.

About 2,700 kcal/day.

Which two nutrients are often low in adolescent girls?

Calcium and iron.

Define osteoporosis.

Progressive bone disease characterized by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk.

Name two lifestyle factors that increase osteoporosis risk.

Smoking and physical inactivity (others: low calcium/vit D, alcohol, menopause).

List two hallmarks of anorexia nervosa.

Severe weight loss from self-starvation and distorted body image.

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by what behavior pattern?

Repeated binge eating followed by compensatory purging, fasting or excessive exercise.

Main dietary fuel used during long-duration low-intensity exercise.

Fat.

What nutrient is primary fuel for high-intensity activity?

Carbohydrates (glycogen).

State two signs of dehydration during exercise.

Increased heart rate, dark concentrated urine (others: dizziness, dry mouth).

Name three calcium-rich non-dairy foods.

Sardines with bones, tofu, dark green leafy vegetables (e.g., kale).

What vitamin enhances calcium absorption?

Vitamin D.

Give one food source rich in vitamin C for gum health.

Citrus fruits (e.g., oranges) (others: peppers, broccoli, strawberries).

Define MUST screening tool.

Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool – assesses risk of malnutrition using BMI, weight loss, and acute disease effect.

What anthropometric measure identifies central obesity?

Waist-to-hip ratio (>1 in men, >0.85 in women).

Normal Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) in adults.

24–31 cm; <23.5 cm indicates underweight.

Name one biochemical test for iron status.

Serum ferritin (others: hemoglobin, hematocrit, transferrin saturation).

Describe Subjective Global Assessment (SGA).

Clinical tool that combines history and physical findings to classify nutritional status.

What is the Nutrition Care Process acronym?

A-D-M-I-E: Assessment, Diagnosis, Monitoring & Evaluation (Intervention in some models – ADMIE).

List four components of dietary history.

24-hour recall, food frequency questionnaire, food diary, observation of intake.

What is Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)?

Highest average daily nutrient intake unlikely to pose adverse health effects.

What is DRIs?

Dietary Reference Intakes – umbrella term including RDA, AI, EAR, UL.

Explain Pinggang Pinoy plate proportions.

Per meal: ~33 % grains (rice), 33 % vegetables, 17 % protein (meat/fish), 17 % fruit, plus water.

State one of the Ten Kumainments.

Example: “Kumain ng iba’t-ibang pagkain araw-araw” (Eat a variety of foods every day).

Purpose of the Food Exchange List.

Tool grouping foods with similar macronutrient values to assist meal planning, especially for diabetes.

What are trans fats and why avoid them?

Partially hydrogenated oils that raise LDL, lower HDL, and increase heart disease risk.

Define basal metabolism.

Energy needed by the body at rest for vital functions like respiration and circulation.

Give an example of heavy physical activity in TER calculations.

Farmer, laborer, coal miner, fisherman.

What is gluconeogenesis?

Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids.

Differentiate glycogenesis vs glycogenolysis.

Glycogenesis forms glycogen from glucose; glycogenolysis breaks glycogen down to glucose.

List two advantages of breast milk over cow’s milk.

Higher lactose and fat, contains easy-to-digest lactalbumin protein; provides antibodies.

At what infant age does weight typically triple?

By 12 months.

Give one food to avoid during the first year due to choking risk.

Whole grapes (others: hotdogs, hard candies, nuts).

What nutrient combination should generally be avoided together as supplements?

Iron and calcium taken simultaneously can interfere with each other’s absorption.

What is the caloric density of alcohol?

7 calories per gram.

Define hyperalimentation (TPN) and its main purpose.

Total Parenteral Nutrition – intravenous infusion of nutrient-dense solution to meet full nutritional needs when GI tract unusable; primary purpose is to deliver glucose and amino acids.

What common complication is associated with TPN?

Infection at catheter site.

State two measures to stimulate appetite in hospitalized clients.

Serve attractive meals and position patient comfortably (others: good hygiene, pleasant conversation).