H Bio Unit 5

cuticle

waxy layer for protection

xylem

transports water, hollow, top half of vein, water from roots being pulled up,

palisade mesophyll

has chlorplasts inside, tall column like cells, where most photosynthesis takes place

spongy mesophyll

Later for gas exchange, still some photosynthesis, chlorplats inside

guard cells

open and close stoma

stomada

pore that lets CO2 in and O2 out

vein

vascular bundle

pholem

bottom half of vein, transports sugar (food)

lower epidermis

bundle sheath cells

surround the vein

upper epidermis

layer of cells with no chloroplasts, prevents water loss, extra protection

Photosynthesis equation

Sun+6CO2+6H2O ---chlorphyll->C6 H12 06 + 6O2

Pigment

Compound that absorbs light

Chlorophyll A

absorbs mostly red light (MVP)

Chlorophyll B

absorbs more blue light, (helper to A)

Xanthophyll

yellow pigments

Carotene

orange pigments

beta-carotene

red pigments

grana

one section of thylakoid, (one stack of pancakes)

thylakoid membrane

one pancake, contains pigment

stroma cytoplasm

inside chlorplasts

NADPH

electron carrier
-transports electrons from light reaction to Calvin Cycle

Where does light reaction take place?

thylakoid membrane

Steps of light reaction

1. Light reaction starts by absorbing light (chlorophyll A)
2. Light excites the electrons in PSII
3.electrons are transferred molecule by molecule down the ETC
4.Light excites the electrons in PSI
5.PSI passes electrons down the 2nd ETC

Where do the replacement electrons come from?

H20

What is the 2H2O split into?

4H + 4e- +O2

What is the biproduct of the water that is split?

O2

Chemiosis

movement of the H+ from inside the thylakoid membrane to the stroma.

What does Calvin Cycle need to run?

Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH

Parts of Calvin Cycle

1. Carbon Fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration

Carbon Fixation

-CO2 fuses with RuBP
-Rubisco enzyme fuses two together to form a 6 carbon intermediate
-Breaks in half and forms 2 pga

Reduction

-Gaining electrons
-Pga gets "dressed up" each pga gets ~p (high energy phosphate) from ATP and a e- from NADPH
-Creates G3P
-ADP and NADP+ go back to light reaction

Regeneration

-Recycle
- most G3P stay in the cycle-converted back into RuBP

What does 1 spin of the cycle use?

-1 Co2
-2 NADPH
-3 ATP

How many turns release G3P?

3 turns
3 Co2
6 NADPH
9 ATP

How many turns create glucose?

2 G3P or 6 spins
6 Co2
12 NADPH
18 ATP

Endergonic

Needs energy, energy must go in
-photosynthesis

Exergonic

Releases energy, energy exits
-Cellular respiration
- Calvin Cycle

Anaerobic

-Without oxygen
-less steps
-faster
-Only has a yield of 2 ATP
-takes place in cytoplasm

Aerobic

-With oxygen
-more steps
-creates 38 ATP

Anaerobic respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 2ATP --> 2 pyruvic acid + 4ATP --> 2 lactic acid or ethyl alcohol + CO2

Aerobic respiration equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H20 + 6CO2 + 38ATP

Glycolysis

-Biochemical pathway
-Net Yield 2 ATP

Lactic Acid Fermentation

-Humans and bacteria
-changes pyruvic acid into lactic acid

What foods use lactic acid fermentation?

Cheese and yogurt

Alcohol Fermentation

-in plants and yeast
-changes pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol + Co2

What foods do Alcoholic Fermentation help create?

Wine, beer, vodka and bread

Parts of Aerobic Respiration

-Glycolysis
-Krebs Cycle
-Electron Transport Chain

What does the pyruvic acid do in Aerobic Respiration?

Combines with CoEnzymeA to form AcetylCoA, it then enters the mitochondria

Krebs Cycle

-Citric acid
-In matrix
-5 steps
-Co2 and electrons are given off

ETC of Respiration

-Along cristae
-builds up another concentration gradient
-genarates 34 ATP (ATP synthase)
-gives of H20

Electron carriers of Aerobic Respiration

NADH and FADH2

Final electron acceptor of ETC

O2

When does oxygen become important during cellular respiration?

During ETC

For every molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration, how many ATP are produced?

2 ATP

Which of the following is not one of the main factors that affect photosynthesis?
-Light Intensity
-O2 concentration
-temperature
-Co2 concentration

O2 concentration