Studied by 34 peoplecuticle
waxy layer for protection
xylem
transports water, hollow, top half of vein, water from roots being pulled up,
palisade mesophyll
has chlorplasts inside, tall column like cells, where most photosynthesis takes place
spongy mesophyll
Later for gas exchange, still some photosynthesis, chlorplats inside
guard cells
open and close stoma
stomada
pore that lets CO2 in and O2 out
vein
vascular bundle
pholem
bottom half of vein, transports sugar (food)
lower epidermis
bundle sheath cells
surround the vein
upper epidermis
layer of cells with no chloroplasts, prevents water loss, extra protection
Photosynthesis equation
Sun+6CO2+6H2O ---chlorphyll->C6 H12 06 + 6O2
Pigment
Compound that absorbs light
Chlorophyll A
absorbs mostly red light (MVP)
Chlorophyll B
absorbs more blue light, (helper to A)
Xanthophyll
yellow pigments
Carotene
orange pigments
beta-carotene
red pigments
grana
one section of thylakoid, (one stack of pancakes)
thylakoid membrane
one pancake, contains pigment
stroma cytoplasm
inside chlorplasts
NADPH
electron carrier -transports electrons from light reaction to Calvin Cycle
Where does light reaction take place?
thylakoid membrane
Steps of light reaction
Light reaction starts by absorbing light (chlorophyll A)
Light excites the electrons in PSII 3.electrons are transferred molecule by molecule down the ETC 4.Light excites the electrons in PSI 5.PSI passes electrons down the 2nd ETC
Where do the replacement electrons come from?
H20
What is the 2H2O split into?
4H + 4e- +O2
What is the biproduct of the water that is split?
O2
Chemiosis
movement of the H+ from inside the thylakoid membrane to the stroma.
What does Calvin Cycle need to run?
Energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH
Parts of Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation
Reduction
Regeneration
Carbon Fixation
-CO2 fuses with RuBP -Rubisco enzyme fuses two together to form a 6 carbon intermediate -Breaks in half and forms 2 pga
Reduction
-Gaining electrons -Pga gets "dressed up" each pga gets ~p (high energy phosphate) from ATP and a e- from NADPH -Creates G3P -ADP and NADP+ go back to light reaction
Regeneration
-Recycle
most G3P stay in the cycle-converted back into RuBP
What does 1 spin of the cycle use?
-1 Co2 -2 NADPH -3 ATP
How many turns release G3P?
3 turns 3 Co2 6 NADPH 9 ATP
How many turns create glucose?
2 G3P or 6 spins 6 Co2 12 NADPH 18 ATP
Endergonic
Needs energy, energy must go in -photosynthesis
Exergonic
Releases energy, energy exits -Cellular respiration
Calvin Cycle
Anaerobic
-Without oxygen -less steps -faster -Only has a yield of 2 ATP -takes place in cytoplasm
Aerobic
-With oxygen -more steps -creates 38 ATP
Anaerobic respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 2ATP --> 2 pyruvic acid + 4ATP --> 2 lactic acid or ethyl alcohol + CO2
Aerobic respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H20 + 6CO2 + 38ATP
Glycolysis
-Biochemical pathway -Net Yield 2 ATP
Lactic Acid Fermentation
-Humans and bacteria -changes pyruvic acid into lactic acid
What foods use lactic acid fermentation?
Cheese and yogurt
Alcohol Fermentation
-in plants and yeast -changes pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol + Co2
What foods do Alcoholic Fermentation help create?
Wine, beer, vodka and bread
Parts of Aerobic Respiration
-Glycolysis -Krebs Cycle -Electron Transport Chain
What does the pyruvic acid do in Aerobic Respiration?
Combines with CoEnzymeA to form AcetylCoA, it then enters the mitochondria
Krebs Cycle
-Citric acid -In matrix -5 steps -Co2 and electrons are given off
ETC of Respiration
-Along cristae -builds up another concentration gradient -genarates 34 ATP (ATP synthase) -gives of H20
Electron carriers of Aerobic Respiration
NADH and FADH2
Final electron acceptor of ETC
O2
When does oxygen become important during cellular respiration?
During ETC
For every molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration, how many ATP are produced?
2 ATP
Which of the following is not one of the main factors that affect photosynthesis? -Light Intensity -O2 concentration -temperature -Co2 concentration
O2 concentration
Note 
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