2B

Dehydration

A lack of fluid in the body due to insufficient intake or excessive loss.

Circulatory Overload

An excessive amount of fluid in the circulatory system.

Hypervolemia (Fluid Volume Excess - FVE)

Excess of both water and electrolytes in the correct proportions.

Hypovolemia (Fluid Volume Deficit - FVD)

Loss of both fluid and electrolytes, leading to decreased circulating blood volume.

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)

Overhydration caused by excess fluid retention.

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)

Loss of fluid due to bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive diuretic use, or burns.

Hypokalemia

A condition characterized by low potassium levels in the blood.

Hyperkalemia

A condition characterized by high potassium levels in the blood.

Hyponatremia

A condition characterized by low sodium levels in the blood.

Hypernatremia

A condition characterized by high sodium levels in the blood.

Hypocalcemia

A condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood.

Hypomagnesemia

A condition characterized by low magnesium levels in the blood.

Metabolic Acidosis

A condition where the body produces excess acid or loses too much base.

Metabolic Alkalosis

A condition where the body has too much base or loses too much acid.

Respiratory Acidosis

A condition resulting from hypoventilation and CO₂ retention.

Respiratory Alkalosis

A condition resulting from hyperventilation and excessive CO₂ loss.

Chvostek’s sign

Twitching of facial muscles when tapping the facial nerve; indicates hypocalcemia.

Trousseau’s sign

Carpal spasm when inflating a BP cuff; indicates hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia.

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Acts as a buffer in acid-base balance, regulated primarily by the kidneys.

IV flow rate (mL/hr)

Calculated as Total Volume (mL) ÷ Time (hr) for intravenous fluids.

IV drip rate (gtt/min)

Calculated as (Total Volume in mL × Drop Factor) ÷ Total Time in Minutes.

Dehydration complications

Can cause seizures and hypovolemic shock.

Fluid Volume Deficit complications

Can lead to hypovolemic shock.

Fluid Volume Excess complications

Can lead to pulmonary edema and heart failure.

Nursing care for dehydration

Monitor vital signs, fluid intake, encourage rehydration, and check neurological status.

Nursing care for FVD

Monitor I&O, provide IV fluids, assess for hypotension, and encourage position changes.

Nursing care for FVE

Monitor respiratory status, administer diuretics, and restrict fluid intake.

Foods for hypokalemia

Potassium-rich foods include bananas, baked potatoes, spinach, and yogurt.

Foods for hyperkalemia

Avoid high-potassium foods such as bananas and potatoes.