Studied by 63 people
tissue type: perirenal fat capsule
adipose
what portion of the ascending loop of henle is more regulated
thick ascending limb
which limb of the loop of henle can have a thick and thin portion
ascending limb
layers of tissue surrounding kidneys from superficial to deep
renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule
tissue type: renal fascia
dense irregular CT
tissue type: fibrous capsule
dense irregular CT
functions of the urinary system
excretion of waste
production of hormones
regulation (blood comp, pH, volume, osmolarity, glucose)
key structures of this system
kidneys (x2)
ureter (x2)
urinary bladder
urethra
function of transitional epithelium
stretch, change shape, protection
function of simple squamous epithelium
filtration
function of simple cuboidal epithelium
secretion and reabsorption
function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
protection from abrasion
function of dense irregular CT
surrounding protection
function of areolar CT
surrounding protection (packing material)
function of adipose CT
surrounding protection
where is smooth muscle found in urinary system
blood vessels
ureters
bladder
urethra
internal urethral sphincter
where is skeletal muscle found in urinary system
external urethral sphincter
the urinary system contains mainly ------ muscle and some ----- muscle
smooth; skeletal
smooth or skeletal muscle: blood vessels
smooth
smooth or skeletal muscle: ureters
smooth
smooth or skeletal muscle: bladder
smooth
smooth or skeletal muscle: urethra
smooth
smooth or skeletal muscle: internal urethral sphincter
smooth
smooth or skeletal muscle: external urethral sphincter
skeletal
what nervous system innervates smooth muscle
autonomic NS
what nervous system innervates skeletal muscle
somatic NS
the male urethra is LONGER OR SHORTER than female urethra
longer (20cm>4cm)
how many subdivisions does the male urethra have
3
how many subdivisions does the female urethra have
none
what are the 3 subdivisions of the male urethra
prostatic
membranous
spongy
what extra function does the male urethra have that the female urethra does not
pathway for semen/sperm
what 3 things do the male and female urethra have in common
location of both the urethral sphincters
terminal portion of the tract
major function is excreting urine out of the body
micturition is the process of
emptying the bladder
what nervous system activity contracts the urethral sphincters?
sympathetic NS
micturition reflex: what is the stimulus
increase of bladder volume/increase distention or stretch of bladder wall
micturition reflex: what detects increased distention of bladder
stretch receptors
micturition reflex: what is the integrating center
spinal cord
micturition reflex: what are the two nervous system responses
increase parasympathetic
decrease somatic
micturition reflex: responses of increased parasympathetic NS
relax internal urethral sphincter
contraction of detrusor (smooth) muscle in bladder wall)
micturition reflex: response of decreased somatic NS
relaxation of external urethral sphincter (voluntary)
micturition reflex: overall response
opening of sphincters, emptying of bladder, urine moves through urethra into external environment
what is the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
how many nephrons are there in each kidney
approximately 1 million
what are the two general parts of the nephron
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
parts of the renal corpuscle (of a nephron)
Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule and space
glomerulus (glomerular capillaries)
parts of the renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
what region is bowman’s capsule and space located in the kidney
renal cortex
what region is the glomerulus/glomerular capillaries located in the kidney
renal cortex
what region is the proximal convoluted tubule located in kidney
renal cortex
what region is the loop of Henle located in the kidney
part in renal cortex and descend into medulla
what region is the distal convoluted tubule located in the kidney
renal cortex
cortical or juxtamedullary nephron: makes up the majority of nephrons in body (80-85%)
cortical
cortical or juxtamedullary nephron: renal corpuscle is located in outer cortex
cortical
cortical or juxtamedullary nephron: loops of Henle are shorter and mainly in cortex
cortical
cortical or juxtamedullary nephron: surrounded by peritubular capillaries
cortical
cortical or juxtamedullary nephron: make up the minority of nephrons and are less abundant
juxtamedullary
cortical or juxtamedullary nephron: renal corpuscle is in the inner cortex, farther from the surface
juxtamedullary
cortical or juxtamedullary nephron: loop of Henle is longer and extends deep into medulla
juxtamedullary
cortical or juxtamedullary nephron: surrounded by peritubular capillaries and vasa recta (straight)
juxtamedullary
cortical or juxtamedullary nephron: have thin and thick portions of ascending limb on the loop of Henle
juxtamedullary
cortical or juxtamedullary nephron: important for creating dilute vs concentrated urine
juxtamedullary
3 processes that occur at the nephron
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
glomerular filtration
Main goal: create filtrate
H20 and solutes move from blood plasma into renal tubule and get filtered into the glomerular capsule from glomerular arterioles
tubular reabsorption
Main goal: move things from filtrate → blood
H20 and solutes move from tubule back into blood via the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta( in case of juxtamedullary)
tubular secretion
Main goal: move things from blood → filtrate
substance not filtered at glomerulus move from blood in the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta into tubule (things we want to excrete that wasn’t filtered)
process of excretion
removal of H20, solutes, and substances from body via urine
excretion equation
excretion = filtration + secretion - reabsorption
when is the fluid in the urinary system BLOOD
afferent arteriole
efferent arterioles
filtered at glomerulus (glomerular cap) and bowman’s capsule
what is the glomerulus refer to
bundle of glomerular capillaries in the renal corpuscle
tissue type: afferent artierioles
simple squamous
tissue type: efferent arterioles
simple squmous
tissue type: glomerulus/glomerular capillaries
simple squamous
tissue type: bowman’s capsule and space
simple squamous
when is the fluid in the urinary system FILTRATE
after bowmans capsule and in the proximal convoluted tubule
descending limb
ascending limb
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
papillary duct
when is the fluid in the urinary system URINE
after the papillary duct and beginning of minor calyx and out
tissue type: proximal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal epi (increases surface area for reabsorption)
tissue type: descending limb of loop of henle
simple squamous epi (water reabsorption)
tissue type: thin ascending limb of loop of henle
simple squamous epi (solute secretion or reabsorption less regulated)
tissue type: thick ascending limb of loop of henle
simple cuboidal (solute secretion or reabsorption more regulated)
tissue type: distal convoluted tubule
simple cuboidal (water/solute reabsorption and solute secretion)
tissue type: collecting duct
simple cuboidal (water/solute reabsorption and solute secretion)
tissue type: papillary duct
simple columnar (some secretion and reabsorption)
tissue type: minor calyx
transitional epi (can’t change fluid/blood concentration anymore)
tissue type: major calyx
transitional epi
tissue type: renal pelvis
transitional epi
tissue type: ureter
transitional epi & smooth muscle
tissue type: urinary bladder
transitional epi
tissue type: urethral
smooth muscle (ex. sphincter skeletal)
transitional and nonkeratinized stratified squamous more externally
oxygenated blood flow from left ventricle to efferent arterioles
aorta
abdominal aorta
renal arteries
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries → nephron
efferent arterioles
capillary blood flow from efferent to venous circulation
efferent arterioles (oxy blood) to either
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta (juxtamedullary)
interlobular veins (deoxy blood)
venous, deoxygenated blood flow from interlobular veins to right atrium
interlobular veins
arcuate veins
interlobar veins
renal veins
inferior vena cava
right atrium
filtrate flow from glomerular capillaries to papillary duct
glomerular capillaries (filtering blood
bowman’s capsule/space
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
papillary duct
urine flow from minor calyx to external environment
minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra
male: prostatic, membranous, spongy
external environment
filtration definition
blood in glomerular capillaries moving across the filtration membrane to become filtrate in renal tubule
how much fluid is reabsorbed back into blood
99%
how much fluid is actually excreted/day
1-2L
what is allowed through the filtration membrane and enter bowman’s capsule/space
water and small solutes allowed through
what is NOT allowed through the filtration membrane and will flow out in the efferent artierioles
proteins and blood cells are not allowed through
3 barriers of filtration membrane
glomerular endothelial cells with fenestrations
basement membrane
podocytes
glomerular endothelial cells are ---- leaky than normal blood capillaries and allow things to pass through besides blood cells
more
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