SIGNS OF PREGNANCY

Identify if the manifestation below is PRESUMPTIVE, PROBABLE OR POSITIVE:

Achalasia

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Achalasia or heartburn during pregnancy can be brought about by relaxation of the abdominal muscles and sphincters resulting to reflux of food. This is brought about by high levels of progesterone and HCG.

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Chloasma

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Chloasma or melasma is the "mask of pregnancy" and is usually brought about by increased melanocyte stimulating hormone caused by high levels of estrogen. It most commonly appears during the second and third trimester.

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Urinary frequency

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Pregnant women experience urinary frequency during the first and third trimester of pregnancy mainly due to the pressure of the gravid uterus on the urinary bladder.

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Pruritus gravidarum

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Prurigo of pregnancy (also called papular dermatitis of pregnancy) is a rash that causes itchy, discolored bumps on your skin. It doesn't typically cause any complications for you or the developing fetus. It can begin any time during your pregnancy but usually develops in the second or third trimester.

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Morning sickness

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Nausea and vomiting during first trimester pregnancy may be caused by hormone changes (high levels of HCG mainly) or lower blood sugar during early pregnancy. Emotional stress, fatigue, traveling, or some foods can make the problem worse. Nausea in pregnancy is more common and can be worse with twins or triplets.

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Fatigue

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Pregnancy fatigue is primarily due to ramped-up production of the hormone progesterone, which supports your pregnancy and increases production of milk glands required for breastfeeding later on. Hormone changes can also cause mood upheaval, and riding the emotional roller coaster of pregnancy can be tiring.

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Amenorrhea

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Physiologic amenorrhea includes pregnancy, lactation, and menopause. The most common cause of amenorrhea overall is pregnancy. During pregnancy, prolonged elevations in sex hormones suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and create a stable intrauterine environment where the gestation can develop.

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Breast engorgement

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Pregnancy hormones progesterone and estrogen cause normal breast tissue to change into milk-producing tissue. This change happens as early as the first trimester (week 1 to week 12).

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Food cravings

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Food cravings are sudden urges to eat a particular type of food. They are a real phenomenon and affect many females during pregnancy especially during the first trimester

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Mood swings

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Mood swings or lability of the mood occurs all throughout pregnancy. This is due to fluctuations in hormonal levels.

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Lower back pain

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Lumbago or lower back ache during pregnancy is due to the softening and stretching of the ligaments in the lumbar area brought about by the weight of the gravid uterus. This is more pronounced during the third trimester

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Leukorrhea

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Increased whitish vaginal discharge, called leukorrhea, is common in pregnancy. It occurs as the result of hyperplasia of vaginal mucosa secondary to increased estrogen levels and increased production of mucus by the endocervical glands.

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Nasal stuffiness and epistaxis

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Once pregnancy is well established, elevated estrogen levels

may produce edema of the nasal mucosa, resulting in nasal

stuffiness, nasal discharge, and obstruction (rhinitis of pregnancy). Epistaxis (nosebleed) may also result.

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Increased libido

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Due to increased levels of hormones estrogen and progesterone, the woman's libido rises as the pregnancy progresses the the trimesters.

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Ptyalism

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Ptyalism is a rare discomfort of pregnancy in which excessive,

often bitter, saliva is produced. Its cause has not been established, although it may be related to the ingestion of starch during the first trimester.

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Chadwick's sign

Answer: PROBABLE

Increased vascularization (brought about by high levels of estrogen) causes a blue-purple discoloration of the cervix (Chadwick's sign) at the end of the first trimester.

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Goodell's sign

Answer: PROBABLE

Increased vascularization (brought about by high levels of estrogen) causes softening of the cervix (Chadwick's sign) at the end of the first trimester.

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Hegar's sign

Answer: PROBABLE

Hegar's sign is a non-sensitive indication of pregnancy in women—its absence does not exclude pregnancy. It pertains to the softening of the features of the uterine isthmus.

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Piskaçek's sign

Answer: PROBABLE

Piskaçek's sign is a physical indication of pregnancy. It is defined as asymmetry of the enlarged uterus, palpable during pelvic examination, after the first few weeks of pregnancy.

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Palmer's sign

Answer: PROBABLE

Palmer's sign are the uterine contractions felt during bimanual examination of the uterus.

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Hartmann sign

Answer: PROBABLE

Such a bleeding is usually scanty, lasting for a shorter duration than her usual periods and roughly corresponds with the date of the expected period. This type of bleeding, termed as 'placental sign' or Hartman's sign (implantation bleeding), should not be confused with threatened abortion.

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Von-Braun Fernwald's sign

Answer: PROBABLE

Von Braun-Fernwald's sign is a clinical sign in which there is an irregular softening and enlargement of the uterine fundus during early pregnancy. It occurs at 5-8 weeks gestation.

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Ladin's sign

Answer: PROBABLE

Ladin's sign is a clinical sign of pregnancy in which there is softening in the midline of the uterus anteriorly at the junction of the uterus and cervix. It occurs and is detectable with a manual examination at about 6 weeks' gestation.

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Osiander's sign

Answer: PROBABLE

Osiander's sign is an early indication of pregnancy (at eight weeks) in which pulsation can be felt through the lateral vaginal fornix.

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Positive pregnancy test

Answer: PROBABLE

Pregnancy tests are not 100 percent accurate as factors can affect the results to become false positive or false negative.

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Braxton-Hicks contractions

Answer: PROBABLE

Braxton-Hicks contractions, also known as prodromal or false labor pains, are contractions of the uterus that typically are not felt until the second or third trimester of the pregnancy. Braxton-Hicks contractions are the body's way of preparing for true labor, but they do not indicate that labor has begun.

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Ballotement

Answer: PROBABLE

Around the 16th to 18th week of gestation, the fetus can be palpated by pressing a finger into the vagina and tapping gently. This action causes the fetus to move upward and then move back downwards to tap on the finger. This is known as ballottement.

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McDonald's sign

Answer: PROBABLE

McDonald's sign is an ease in flexing the body of the uterus against the cervix.

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Uterine souffle

Answer: PROBABLE

Uterine souffle may be heard when auscultating the abdomen over the uterus. It is a soft blowing sound at the same rate as the maternal pulse and is due to the increased uterine vascularization and the blood pulsating through the placenta

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Quickening

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Quickening, or the mother's perception of fetal movement,

occurs about 18 to 20 weeks after the LMP in a primigravida (a

woman who is pregnant for the first time) but may occur as early as 16 weeks in a multigravida (a woman who has been pregnant more than once). Quickening is a fluttering sensation in the abdomen that gradually increases in intensity and frequency.

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Linea nigra

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

The linea nigra is a dark vertical line that appears on the skin of your stomach during pregnancy. It's also called the pregnancy line. It runs from your belly button to your public area but can extend towards your abdomen.

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Striae gravidarum

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Striae gravidarum, also called striae distensae or "stretch marks," develop in up to 90% of white women between the sixth and seventh months of gestation. Risk factors include younger maternal age, excessive pregnancy weight gain, and concomitant use of corticosteroids; however, genetic susceptibility plays a key role.

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Spider angiomas

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Spider angiomas are small telangiectases radiating from a central 'feeding' arteriole; many show an anemic 3-4-mm halo. The spider angiomas of pregnancy develop most commonly in areas drained by the superior vena cava, such as the neck, throat, face, and arms, and may resolve spontaneously postpartum.

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Operculum

Answer: PROBABLE

The enlarged mucus glands of the cervix during pregnancy secrete a mucus, which forms a plug called the "operculum". This acts as a seal for the uterus and protects it from ascending infection, and acts as a barrier between the vagina and cervix.

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Piles

Answer: PROBABLE

Hemorrhoids or piles — swollen veins in the anus and rectum — are common during pregnancy, especially in the third trimester when the enlarged uterus puts pressure on the veins.

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Auscultation of fetal heart tone

Answer: POSITIVE

FHT can be heard as early as 6 weeks via vaginal ultrasound, as early as 8 to 12 weeks via a fetal Doppler and as early as 16 weeks via regular stethoscope

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Palpation of fetal movement and body parts

Answer: POSITIVE

Findings of the Leopold's maneuver can indicate a positive pregnancy.

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Fetal ultrasound scan

Answer: POSITIVE

Ultrasonography can also confirm fetal viability and placental implantation.

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Visualization of the fetus via an ultrasound

Answer: POSITIVE

Ultrasonography can also confirm fetal viability and placental implantation.

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Couvade syndrome

Answer: PRESUMPTIVE

Couvade syndrome or couvade is a term used to describe sympathetic pregnancy in men; the word couvade comes from the Breton word couver, which means to brood, hatch, or incubate. In this situation, some men experience symptoms that mimic those experienced by their partners during their pregnancies.