Chapter 16

Acquired Immunity

antibodies are produced within the person and it is long lasting protection

two types: natural and artificial

Agammaglobulinemia

an inherited disorder in which patients lack ability to produce antibodies

Allergen

a substance that causes an allergic response

Anaphylaxis

results from the release of chemical mediators from basophils

Antigen-antibody complex

an antibody combined with an antigen and is capable of activating the complement cascade

Antigen

foreign organic substances that stimulate the production of antibodies

Attenuated Vaccine

made with a pathogen that been weakened or made harmless

B cells

function to produce antibodies against antigens

Cell mediated immunity

involves a variety of cell types, with antibodies playing only a minor role, if any

Conjugate vaccine

vaccine in which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen

Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions

* also known as type IV
* part of cell mediated immunity
* prime mode of defense against intracellular bacteria and fungi

DNA vaccine

Humoral Immunity

glycoproteins called antibodies are produced by B cells to destroy specific microbes

Hybridoma

made by combining a single plasma cell and a rapidly dividing tumor cell

Hypersensitivity Reactions

overly sensitive or reactive immune system

Immediate type hypersensitivity reactions

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Immunity

Immunosupressed person

Immunocompetent person

Immunodiagnostic procedures

detects either antigens or antibodies in clincial specimens

Immunoglobulins

* antibodies are a class of glycoproteins
* There are five types: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

Immunology

scientific study of the immune system and immune responses

Inactivated vaccine

made with a pathogen that has been killed and is less effective than live vaccines

Monoclonal antibodies

* large amounts of specific antibodies produced by hybridomas

Natural Killer (NK) cell

* lack typical T or B cell surface markers
* kill target cells

Plasma cell

Primary response

* the initial immune response to an antigen


* some b cells become memory cells

Regulatory T cells

Secondary response

increased production of antibodies following the second exposure to a particular antigen

T cells

3 categories of T cells:


1. helper
2. cytotoxic
3. regulatory

T-dependent antigens

T cells are required in their processing

T-independent antigens

the processing of these requires only B cells

Toxoid vaccine

made from a toxin that has been made harmless

Vaccine

a material that can artificially induce immunity