BIO: UN1 Macromolecules

Organic compounds

Compounds that contain carbon element (non-carbon compounds=inorganic)

Why is Carbon so important/common?

Carbon has 4 outer electrons, so it can form up to 4 covalent bonds with many elements (typically carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen)

Macromolecule (polymer)

Large ORGANIC molecules made up of the building block, monomers

Carbohydrate’s Main function

Break down to store energy

Polymers → Monomers

Hydro (water) lysis (break down): Water molecules are bonded to break down a polymer into monomers

Monomers → Polymer

Dehydration (remove water) synthesis (together/make): Water molecules are removed to form monomers into a polymer

Carbohydrates’ building blocks:

Mono (1) saccharides (sugar)

Main types of Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, disaccharides (2), and polysaccharides (many)

Building blocks of Monosaccharides:

Carbon : Hydrogen : Oxygen (1:2:1 ratio typically)

Main Polysaccharides for Plants

Plants) Starches - Large branches of joined glucose for energy storage

Cellulose) Structural Support (cell wall) & too complex to break down for humans

Main Polysaccharide for Humans/Animals

Glycogen - Large groups of glucose joined together straightly for energy storage

Glucose

A monosaccharide (simple sugar) made up of 6 carbon units, 12 hydrogen units, and 6 oxygen units.

Lipids

Fats

Building Blocks of Lipids

Glycerol & Fatty Acids made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and o2 (there are typically more C.H. molecules)

Unique Characteristic of Lipids

They are NON-SOLUBLE (unable to be dissolved by water), because they are non-polar. [non-polar can not mix with polar, like oil + water]

Two Common Types of Lipids:

Triglycerides (Fats+Oils)- 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Phospholipids- 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids

What are the two kinds of Fatty Acids?

1. Saturated- (‘bad’), solid at room temp and are NOT double bonded

2. Unsaturated- (‘good’), liquid at room temp and ARE double bonded

Main 5 Functions of Lipids

1. Long term energy storage

2. Retention of heat (insulation) + water (acts as barrier around polar water)

3. Chemical messengers (hormones)

4. Major component of membranes (like cell membrane) [phospholipids]

Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides- made of C. H. o2. N. and Phosphorus

What are the 3 major components of a Nucleotide?

Phosphate, 5 carbonSugar (Deoxyribose or ribose), Nitrogen Base (GCAT or GCAU)

DNA v.s. RNA

DNA- double stranded, uses deoxyribose sugar & GCAT bases, stores genetic information

RNA- single stranded, uses ribose sugar & GCAU bases, responsible for protein synthesis

Building blocks of Proteins

Amino Acids (C.H.O.N.S sometimes sulfur)

How many Amino Acids are there?

There are 20 total; the human body produces 12, and receives the other 8 through food.

Foundation of Amino Acids

Carboxyl group, carbon group, amine group, hydrogen group, and R-GROUP (separates the 20 different Amino Acids)

Primary Structure of Protein

Long chain of Amino Acids connected with PEPTIDE BONDS

Secondary Structure of Protein

The R-groups start to interact, folding the structure into a corkscrew/fan shape

Tertiary Structure of Protein

The R-groups interact until the structure folds into a 3D shape (POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN)

Quaternary Structure of Protein (not 100%)

2+ Polypeptide chains join together

5 main FUNCTIONS of Protein

Structural - Building block of nails, cells, hair (keratin, collagen)

Movement- Muscles

Regulatory - Hormones (building block of hormones that regulate our body functions/contribute to homeostasis)

Enzyme - Cellular Reactions (speeds up reactions like metabolism)

Storage - Albumin (egg whites)

Disaccharides

Table Sugars

Monosaccharides

Simple Sugars

Importance of Enzymes

All chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes & enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy (energy necessary) for reactions

Parts of Enzyme

Enzyme- helper protein molecule

Substrate- molecules that enzymes bond w/

Product- what enzymes help produce

Active Site- part that substrate molecules fit into

Lifespan of Enzymes

All Enzymes are reusable and can be reused for the same reaction w/different substrates

What Affects Enzyme Activity?

Temperature (especially extreme; high temps unfold enzyme)

PH (has to be neutral 6-8)

Concentration (more enzymes= faster reactions)

Types of Enzymes

The enzymes (END IN -ASE) are named after their substrates:

Sucrase→sucrose, Proteases → proteins, Lipases → Lipids, DNA Polymerase BUILDS → DNA

Inhibitor

Molecules that binds to enzyme, arranging shape & decreasing activity

Inhibitors KInds

Two Kinds: competitive- similar to substrate and binds to active site, blocking enzymes, slowing down enzyme activity & incompetitive/allosteric- binds to allosteric site and changes the active site shape of the enzyme, preventing substrates from binding

WHat kind of Macromolecule is this?

Carbohydrate

What is this?

Glucose (c6h12o6)

What Macromolecule is this?

Lipids

What kinds of fat are they?

1. Saturated (no double bonds)

2. Unsaturated (double bonds= liquid)

What kind of Macromolecule is this?

Nucleotide

What kind of macromolecule is this?

Protein

Label this graph:

Activation energy w/ & w/o enzymes:

Green Line= reaction w/o enzyme, Blue line= reaction w/ enzyme, orange arrows= activation energy

What is a type of Monosaccharide?

Glucose, fructose, galactose

What is a type of Disaccharide?

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

What is a type of Polysaccharide?

Starches, glycogen, cellulose

Examples of Carbs

Pasta, bread, sugar

Type of Lipids

Fats, butter, oil, steroids

Types of protein

Enzymes: catalase, lipase, lactase

Types of Nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, ATP