Lecture 20 Non-Mendelian Genetics – part 2

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to non-Mendelian genetics, genetic linkage, sex determination, inheritance patterns, and genetic diversity.

Genetic linkage

The tendency of genes that are located close to each other on a chromosome to be inherited together.

Recombination frequency

The percentage of recombinant offspring produced in a genetic cross, used to calculate the distance between genes on a genetic map.

Sex determination

The biological process that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism, typically classified into two types: monoecious and dioecious.

Monoecious

Organisms that produce both male and female gametes, such as many plants.

Dioecious

Organisms where male and female gametes are produced by different individuals, typical of most animals.

Turner syndrome

A condition caused by the presence of only one X chromosome in females, leading to various anatomical and physiological abnormalities.

Klinefelter syndrome

A genetic condition in males caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome (XXY), often leading to sterility and other traits.

Reciprocal cross

A genetic cross performed where the phenotypes of the parents are reversed to analyze the inheritance of traits.

Extra-nuclear inheritance

The transmission of genetic material outside of the nucleus, often involving organelles like mitochondria and plastids.

CentiMorgan (cM)

A unit of measurement for genetic linkage that indicates the distance between genes based on recombination frequency.

Homologous recombination

A process during meiosis where non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material, leading to genetic variation.

Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT)

The transfer of genetic material between organisms in a manner other than traditional reproduction, significant in bacteria.

Plasmids

Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that replicate independently and can carry genes such as those for antibiotic resistance.