when a criminal pulls out a weapon, witnesses are less able to identify that culprit than if no weapon is present
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cross-race identification bias
people are more accurate at recognizing members
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theory of reconstructive memory
after people observe an event, information they receive later about that event becomes integrated into the fabric of their memory
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misinformation effect
the tendency for false postevent misinformation to become integrated into peoples memory of an event
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post-identification feedback effect
eyewitness who made incorrect identifications and received positive feedback from the experimenter were more confident and reconstructed their entire memory of the eyewitnessing experience
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alibis
witnesses of the defendant who help them vouch for their whereabouts at the time of the crime as proof of innocence
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physical evidence
ATM receipts, cell phone records, surveillance video
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polygraph
electronic instrument that simultaneously records multiple channels of physiological arousal
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Implicit Association Test
people are quicker to respond to true statements than to false statements
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internalization
innocent people confess because they come to believe that theyre guilty of the crime
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impact of confessions
they typically contain a great deal of detail
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innocence problem
innocent people who fear ultimate conviction and a harsh sentence sometimes take a plea deal
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random sample
a certain number of people from the list are randomly drawn and summoned for duty
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voir dire
a pretrial interview in which the judge and lawyers question the prospective jurors for signs of bias
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peremptory challenges
lawyers can reject a limited number of prospective jurors even if they seem fair and open minded
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implicit personality theory
a set of assumptions that people make about how certain attributes are related to each other and to behavior
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stereotypes
when we believe that all members of a group share the same attributes
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self-fulfilling prophecy
lawyers might ask questions that confirm their beliefs on their expectations
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Scientific Jury Selection
a method of selecting juries through surveys that yield correlations between demographics and trial-relevant attitudes
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death qualification
judges may exclude all prospective jurors who say they would refuse to vote for the death penalty
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CSI effect
television programs lead jurors to have unrealistically high expectations that cause them to vote cautiously for acquittal because they find the actual evidence insufficient to support a guilty verdict
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jury nullification
because juries deliberate in private, they can choose to disregard the judges instructions
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leniency bias
the tendency for jury deliberation to produce a tilt toward acquittal
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sentencing disparity
punishments for crime are inconsistent from one judge to the next
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decision control
whether a procedure affords the involved parties the power to accept, reject, or otherwise influence the final decision
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power control
whether a procedure offers the parties an opportunity to present their case to a third-party decision maker
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adversarial model of justice
the prosecution and defense oppose each other, each presenting one side of the story in order to win a favorable verdict
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inquisitorial model
a neutral investigator gathers the evidence from both sides and presents the findings in court
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True or False? Eyewitnesses find it relatively difficult to recognize members of a race other than their own.
True
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True or False? The more confident an eyewitness is about an identification, the more accurate they are likely to be.
False
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True or False? It is not possible to knowingly fool a lie-detector test.
False
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True or False? Without being beaten or threatened, innocent people sometimes confess to crimes they didn't commit.
True
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True or False? Contrary to popular opinion, women are harsher as trial jurors than men are.
False
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True or False? One can usually predict a jury's final verdict by knowing where the individual jurors stand the first time they vote.
True
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adversarial model
A dispute- resolution system in which the prosecution and defense present opposing sides of the story.
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cross-race identification bias
The tendency for people to be more accurate at recognizing members of their own racial group than of other groups
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death qualification
A jury- selection procedure used in capital cases that permits judges to exclude prospective jurors who say they would not vote for the death penalty
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inquisitorial model
A dispute- resolution system in which a neutral investigator gathers evidence from both sides and presents the findings in court.
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jury nullification
The jury’s power to disregard, or “nullify,” the law when
it conflicts with personal conceptions of justice.
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leniency bias
The tendency for jury deliberation to produce a tilt toward acquittal.
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misinformation effect
The tendency for false postevent misinformation to become integrated into people’s memory of an event
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peremptory challenge
A means by which lawyers can exclude a limited number of prospective jurors without the judge’s approval.
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polygraph
A mechanical instrument that records physiological arousal from multiple channels; it is often used as a lie-detector test
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scientific jury selection
A method of selecting juries through surveys that yield correlations between demographics and trial-relevant attitudes.
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sentencing disparity
Inconsistency of sentences for the same offense from one judge to another
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voir dire
The pretrial examination of prospective jurors by the judge or opposing lawyers to uncover signs of bias.
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weapon focus effect
the tendency for the presence of a weapon to draw attention and impair a witness’s ability to identify the culprit
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dud effect
an eyewitness’s confidence in a mistaken identification is inflated by the presence of fillers in the lineup that bear no resemblance to the criminal
Studied by 2 people
