MEDICAL IMAGING TEST 2

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3 Major Domains of Learning

Cognitive, Psychomotor, Affective

Cognitive Learning

includes behaviors requiring various levels of thought : knowledge, understanding, reason, judgement

Psychomotor Learning

includes behaviors involving physical interactions, neuromuscular manipulations, and coordination

Affective Learning

includes behaviors required guided by feelings and emotions that are influenced by an individuals interests, attitudes, values, beliefs

Program Officials

Program Director, Clinical Coordinator, Clinical Instructor

Program Director

works in organizing, administering, and assessing the radiography program

Clinical Coordinator

works closely with the program director in ensuring program effectiveness

Clinical Instructor

works directly with the student in clinical setting

Phases of Clinical Learning

Phase 1- Extensive Observation

Phase 2- Assistance

Phase 3- Performance

Extensive Observation

gain confidence, integrate cognitive, psychomotor, and affective behaviors

Assistance

students aid and support, hands on experience, take an increasingly more active part in the procedure

Performance

when a student is confident, they will perform the entire procedure independently with supervision. Demonstrate necessary tasks at the required skill level

Direct Supervision

Qualified Radiographers are required to

• Review the request for examination in relation to the students achievement

• Evaluate the condition of the patient in relation to the students knowledge

• Be physically present during the conduct of the procedure

• Review and approve the procedure and image

Indirect Supervision

Qualified Radiographers are required to 

• Reviews, evaluates, and approves the procedure, and is immediately available to assist students regardless of the level of student knowledge

Mission Statement

the defining and guiding force that outlines the reason for existence

Organizational Chart

how managers and employees carry out their functions within the institution in an organized and logical manner

Board of Directors/ Governing Board

authorized by law to operate a hospital

Chief Executive (CEO)

the president, defines how hospital is maintained or conducted

Medical Staff

formal organized structure of physicians within hospitals with authorized privileges, by laws, elected officers, committees. 

Administrative Director of Radiology 

• Typically reports directly to upper hospital administration

• Requires strong business management skills, not necessarily a radiologic technician 

• Works closely with medical director of radiology

Medical Director 

• Typically a physician

• Responsible for overseeing the quality of patient care

• Approves clinical protocols, reviewing policies and procedures, recommends improvements to quality and safety of care, equipment purchases, and technology acquisitions

• Works closely with administrative director

• May also serve as department chair

Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)

responsible for the safe operation and use of radiation and radioactive materials, as well as implementing the radiation protection program. Usually a physicist or a radiologist.

Radiology Administration

• Varies depending on size and scope

• Often consists of sub departments

• Requires support services

• Led by administrative director

Primary Functions :

planning, organizing, facilitating, staffing, directing, controlling, and coordinating

External Agencies

The Joint Commission (TJC), Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), HIPAA

Internal Agencies

Safety Committee, Infection Control Officer, Radiation Safety Committee (RSC), Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee, Risk Management and Corporate Compliance, Picture Archive and Communications Systems (PACS)

The Joint Commission (TJC)

Regulates the quality and safety of care provided to patients and the way health care organization is supervised and operated

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

For control of equipment and technologists. NRC conducts inspections and levy fines for noncompliance with regulations that vary from state to state.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Federal agency that establishes standards for safety in the workplace

Health insurance portability and accountability act of 1996 (HIPAA)

Health care information cannot be obtained or shared without the permission of the individual

• Establishes a set of nationalists standards for the protection of certain personal health information

• Developed to increase public trust, holds providers and payers accountable

• Increase data integrity

Safety Committee

required by TJC to establish a safety committee that directs education of employees on safety policies and procedures, and safe operation of the facility for the patients and employees

Infection Control Officer

regulates infection control policies and procedures

Radiation Safety Committee (RSC)

required by NRC and TJC. RSC regulates hospital activities for radiation safety and nuclear medicine activities. They also define safe handling of radioactive materials and policies for patient or staff exposed to radiation

Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee

required committee of the hospital responsible for reviewing drugs and their use in the hospital

Risk Management and Corporate Compliance

Manage and Control the amount of legal and financial risk and ensure that the hospital continues to remain in good staning with its reputation

Picture Archive and Communications Systems (PACS)

digital alternative to film-screen imaging devices in the late 1990’s

Image Production

Basic mechanism of x-ray production. A beam of x-rays traverses a patient, and is partially absorbed in the process, the remaining x-rays are absorbed by the IR (Image Receptor)

Image Receptor (IR)

devices that capture and convert radiation or light into a visible image

intercepts the x-ray photons that are able to exit the patient

Types of image receptors

Different RI systems, Film-screen systems, Computed Radiography (CR)- cassette based system, Digital Radiography (DR)- cassette-less system, Fluoroscopic imaging systems

Digital Radiography (DR)

• No cassette

• No film

• No imaging plate

• No reader

• Nothing to carry 

• Can be used again

• Image displays instantly on a monitor

Digital Capture (DR)

Devices that convert incident x-ray energy directly into an electrical signal, which then sends the electrical signal to the computer for processing and viewing

Indirect Capture DR

devices that absorb x-rays and then convert them into light; the light is then detected by a TFT: which is then converted into an electrical signal to the computer for processing and viewing