PSYCH CH 5 and 8

Extinction

Extinction happens when a learned response fades away. This occurs when the thing that triggers the response (like a bell) is no longer paired with what originally caused the response (like food)

Example of Extinction

Imagine you train a dog to salivate when it hears a bell because it expects food. If you keep ringing the bell but stop giving the dog food, eventually, the dog will stop salivating at the sound of the bell. That’s extinction.

Spontaneous recovery

It is when a response that was gone suddenly comes back

Example of Spontaneous recovery

Imagine you trained a dog to salivate when it hears a bell because it expects food. If you stop giving the dog food when the bell rings, the dog will eventually stop salivating (this is extinction). But if you ring the bell again after some time, the dog might start salivating again, even though it hasn’t heard the bell in a while. This sudden return of the response is called spontaneous recovery.

High order conditioning

known as second-order conditioning, is a process in classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus turns into a conditioned stimulus by being linked with an already established conditioned stimulus

Example of High order conditioning

1. First step: A dog learns to salivate when it hears a bell because the bell is paired with food.

2. Next step: Now, you start flashing a light before ringing the bell. The dog learns to salivate when it sees the light, even though the light was never paired directly with the food.

So, the light becomes a new trigger for salivation because it was linked to the bell, which was already a trigger.

Robert Rescorla

His experiment (rat shock experiment) showed that for classical conditioning to work, the conditioned stimulus (CS) must predict the unconditioned stimulus

The animal (or person) needs to see the CS as a signal that the US is coming. If the CS (like a tone) consistently predicts the US (like a shock), the animal will learn to respond to it because it expects the US to follow.

Operant conditioning (Skinner)

Is a type of learning where behavior is influenced by its consequences.

This means that behaviors followed by rewards are likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by punishments are less likely to occur.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something to encourage a behavior, the behavior is more likely to happen

Example of Positive Reinforcement

If a student gets candy for answering a question correctly, they will most likely to participate in class again

Negative Reinforcement

If a behavior removes something unpleasant, the behavior is less likely to happen again

Example of Negative Reinforcement

If wearing a seatbelt stops the car beeping sound (unpleasant stimulus) , you’re most likely to wear your seatbelt (reinforced) again in the future to stop hearing the beeping sound

Positive Punishment

When an unpleasant outcome added after a behavior, the behavior is less likely to happen again

Example of Positive Punishment

If touching a hot stove causes pain, you’re less likely to touch the stove again

Negative Punishment

When an unwanted behavior results in the removal of something desirable is taken away, the behavior is less likely to happen again

Example of Negative Punishment

When a child lose their video game privileges, for not doing their homework, they’re less likely to skip their homework again

Voluntary Behavior

Is when an individual chooses to do something. They’re aware of what’s happening (conscious). involves operant conditioning

Example of Voluntary Behavior

A rat pressing a button to receive food. The rat deciding to press the button is based on the expectation of the reward (food). If there is no reward, the rat's behavior or pressing the button will decrease and eventually stops

Involuntary Behavior

They’re automatic response. They’re not aware of what’s happening (unconscious). Involves classical conditioning

Example of Involuntary Behavior

When the dog is salivating when smelling the food. The response (salivating) happens naturally and it’s not a choice

Edward L. Thorndike

Cat box experiment. His experiment showed that people/animals learn by trying different things and repeating what works

Primary Reinforces

They’re naturally reinforcing because they satisfy basic biological needs

Example of Primary Reinforces

Food, shelter, warmth, water

Secondary Reinforcer

They’re reinforcing because they’re associated with primary reinforces

Example of Secondary Reinforcer

Money, Tokens, Praise, Grades

Skinner Experiment

Rat in a box with a lever (button)

Results: The rat learned to press the button to get food (primary reinforcer) paired with the light or sound (secondary reinforcer) the rat learned that light/sound also meant food

Keller and Marian Breland

Raccoon experiment

Shaping Reinforcement

A way to teach new behaviors by rewording small steps that gets closer to the goal

Example of Shaping Reinforcement

When teaching a dog how to roll, you would give the dog a treat (reward) for sitting, then for turning onto it’s sides, rolling, and repeating these steps. Until the dog learns the behavior

Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

Reinforcement is given after a set number of responses

Example of Fixed Ratio (FR) Schedule

A factory worker gets paid for every 10 item they produce

Variable Ration (VR) Schedule

Reinforcement is given after unpredictable amounts of time

Example Variable Ration (VR) Schedule

A slot that pays out after a number of lever pull

Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

Reinforcement is given after unpredictable amount of time

Example of Variable Interval (VI) Schedule

Checking your email at random times thought-out the day, you find a new message, but never know when the message will arrive

Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time has passed

Example of Fixed Interval (FI) Schedule

Weekly, bi-weekly, paycheck

Token Economy

A system to encourage and reinforce positive behavior. Earning a token reward (coins, stickers) for doing something positive (encouraged action)

Example of Token Economy

A child might get a sticker, for doing their homework. Later they can use that sticker to trade for a prize

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

A type of therapy that focuses on improving specific behavior, often used for children with authorism or other disorders

Example of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

If you’re trying to tach a child “Thank you” they might get a candy for every time they say it. Over time the child learns to say thank you

Neurofeedback

A type of therapy that helps people learn to control their brain activity

Edward Tolman

Learning can occur without meditate reinforcement (rat maze experiment)

Wolfgang Kohler

Chimpanzee (sultan) banana experiment to show the study of insight

Martin Seligman

Dog shuttler shock experiment showed the study of helplessness

Albert Bandura experiment

Bodo doll experiment. This experiment shows that children can learn by just watching others’ behavior

Stimulus Generalization

Is when you respond to things that are similar to something that you’ve already learned about before. When you learn to respond to a specific thing (the sound of a bell) eventually you start to response to similar things (different types of bells, chimes)

Example of Stimulus Generalization

If a kid is scared of big dogs, they might also be scared of other big things like wolf, large stuff animals because they look similar

Stimulus Discrimination

Is when you learn to tell the difference between things that are similar

Example of Stimulus Discrimination

If you have different tones for your BBF and mom, when you hear the tones you can tell who is calling you by hearing the difference tones that you set for each person

Vicarious Conditioning

Is a type of learning that happens by watching others and observing the consequences of their actions. often used in advertisement

Example of Vicarious Conditioning

When a person buys something that they saw on the advertainment, they might react to it the same they saw the person act in advertisement

Longitudinal Design

Watching group of people grow up, track changes and developments over time

Cross-Sequential Design

Mix of both Cross-sectional Design and Longitudinal Design

Cross-sectional Design

Taking snap shot of different age groups at the same time (like collecting date)

Down syndrome

An extra copy of chromosome

Turner Syndrome

When there is a missing x

Zygote

Fertilized egg

Monozygoyic

A single zygote splits into two separate cells (identical twins)

Dizygotic

Two separate egg are fertilized by 2 separate sperm (fraternal twin aka nonidentical twin)

Fetal alcohol disorder (FASD)

A conditioned caused by mother drinking alcohol , effecting the baby development

Stages of pregnancy

Germinal period (1,12 weeks), Embryonic period (13,28 weeks), Fetal period (29-40 weeks)

Preferential Looking

A way to study what babies are looking at

Example of Preferential Looking

showing a baby two different pictures, whichever one they look at more means they found that interesting or it can tell the difference between the 2 pics

Habituation

When you get use to something after seeing it for so many times

Example of Habituation

Hearing train station for the first time will be noticeable, after a while you get use to it and stop noticing the noise as much

Eleanor and Richard Walk

3-dimwnsion theory

Jean Piaget

Shows how children’s thinking changes as they grow (using his children in this experiment)

Sensorimotor Stage (birth two 2 years)

Babies learn about the real world though their sense of (seeing, touching)

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

kids start to use words and pic to represent objects

Concrete operational Stage (7-11 years)

Children begin to think logically about real world situations

Formal or concrete Operational stage (adolescence to adulthood)

Adolescence can think about concepts and test different ideas logically

Assimilation (Piaget’s theory)

Is when a person takes in new info and fits it into their existing schemas (mental frameworks)

Animism

Belief that living, nonliving have a spirit or soul

Egocentirsm

When someone young has trouble understanding that other people have thoughts, feelings, and perspective. They think everyone sees/feels the same way as they do

Conservation

When a child focuses on the noticeable aspect of a situation and ignores the overall context or other relevant aspects of the situation (penny experiment)

Vygotsky’s theory

Explains how children learn/developed though social interaction and cultural influences

Abstract concept

the idea that you can’t see, touch, or measure directly. it’s about feelings, and thoughts rather than physical things (love, time)

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The difference between what child can do alone and what they can do with the help of their peers

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Effects how a person communicates

Mary Ainsworth

Attachment experiment (stranger situation)

Secure Attachment

Children feel confident that their caregiver will meet their needs, sad when they leave and happy when they return

Insecure Avoidant Attachment

Children show little emotion when the caregiver leaves/returns

Ambivalent Attachment

Children show a lack of clear attachment behavior. their response/action can be inconsistent/unpredictable/confusing

Harry Harlow

Monkey attachment experience

Adolescence

Is when a child grows into adult, during this time the child will go though many changes int their bodies, mind and social life

Diana Baumrind

Parenting style

Authoritarian Parenting

Both parents are demanding and responsive. They set clear rules and show warmth and support

Permissive parenting

Parents are carefree (relaxed) and easy going, with free demand/control

Permissive Indulgent

Parents are strict and expect obedience without question. high in demandingness, but low in responsiveness

Cellular clock theory

Aging happens b/c the cell inside us only divide a certain number of time, each time a cell divides, the protective caps on the ends our chromosomes called telomers get shorter. when they become too short, the cell no longer divide and the reason why we age and die

Free Radical theory

Aging happens b/c of damage from free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can harm cells, overtime this damage builds up and leads to aging/diseases like cancer/heart disease

Elisabeth Kubler Ross

Describes 5 stage of responses when people facing death/loss

Denial

Refusing to accept the reality of the situation

Anger

Feeling frustrated and helpless

Bargaining

Trying to make a deal to change or delay the loss

Depression

Deep sadness and despair about the loss

Acceptance

Accepting the reality of the loss and finding a way to move forward