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Renewable Energy Sources
Energy sources that can be replenished naturally on a human timescale, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.
Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Finite energy sources that cannot be readily replaced, such as fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas.
Examples of Renewable Energy
Solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric power, geothermal energy, and biomass.
Examples of Nonrenewable Energy
Coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy (due to finite uranium resources).
Percent Change in Energy Usage
Calculated by taking the difference between new and old values, dividing by the old value, and multiplying by 100: ((New Value - Old Value) / Old Value) × 100.
Factors Contributing to Energy Demand
Population growth, industrialization, economic development, and increased use of technology.
Types of Fossil Fuels
Main types are coal, oil, and natural gas, formed from decomposed remains of ancient plants and animals subjected to heat and pressure.
Production of Gasoline from Crude Oil
Gasoline is produced through refining, where crude oil is heated and separated into components based on boiling points.
Cogeneration (CHP)
Simultaneous production of electricity and useful heat from the same energy source, such as a natural gas power plant.
Countries with Largest Coal Reserves
United States, Russia, and China.
Countries with Largest Oil Reserves
Saudi Arabia, Canada, and Venezuela.
Countries with Largest Natural Gas Reserves
Russia, Iran, and Qatar.
Formation of Natural Gas and Oil
Formed from remains of marine microorganisms buried under sediment and transformed by heat and pressure.
Rock Formations for Natural Gas
Natural gas is often found in porous sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, limestone, and shale.
Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)
A technique to extract oil and natural gas from shale by injecting high-pressure fluid to create fractures.
Environmental Impacts of Fracking
Groundwater contamination, increased seismic activity, and significant water usage.
Steps in Generating Electricity from Coal
Burn coal to produce heat, convert water into steam, and drive turbines connected to generators.
Environmental Issues with Coal
Air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, habitat destruction, and water contamination from mining activities.
Nuclear Power Generation
Nuclear fission of uranium atoms releases heat, producing steam which drives turbines to generate electricity.
Major Nuclear Power Plant Disasters
Three Mile Island (1979), Chernobyl (1986), Fukushima Daiichi (2011) caused by equipment failure, design flaws, and tsunami respectively.
Half-Life of Radioactive Substance
The time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay, calculated using the formula: N(t)=N0×(0.5)(t/t1/2).
