NHA CCMA Ch 7 - Pathophysiology and Disease Processes

Diabetes mellitus (Type 1)

Causes: Unknown, autoimmune, genetic, or environment.

Conditions: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Fatigue, Blurry Vision, Weight Loss, Increase in Blood glucose,

Treatments: Insulin Therapy

Diabetes mellitus (Type 2)

Causes: Obesity, Inactive, Genetic

Conditions: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Fatigue, Increase in Blood glucose

Treatments:Diet, Exercise, Insulin, Medication

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Causes: Unknown (possibly genetic, excessive insulin)

Conditions: Irregular menstrual cycles, Elevated hormone levels, Multiple cysts on ovaries

Treatments: Weight loss, Estrogen and progestin

Hypothyroidism

Causes: Autoimmune disease, Medications, Thyroid surgery

Conditions: Fatigue, Weight gain, Muscle aches, Bradycardia, Depression, Elevated cholesterol, Dry skin

Treatments: Synthetic thyroid hormone medication (levothyroxine)

Hyperthyroidism

Causes: Graves disease, Thyroiditis, Plummer's disease

Conditions: Weight loss, Tachycardia, Anxiety, Fatigue, Sleep disruption, Goiter

Treatments: Radioactive iodine, Antithyroid medication, Beta blockers, Thyroidectomy

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BBC)

Causes: Light/fair skin, Sun exposure

Conditions: New growth or sore that does not heal

Treatments: Curettage and electrodessication, Mohs surgery, Cryosurgery, Laser therapy

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Causes: Light/fair skin, Sun exposure, Less common than BCC

Conditions: Spreads to surrounding tissue, Most common on face and head

Treatments: Curettage and electrodessication, Mohs surgery, Cryosurgery, Laser therapy

Malignant Melanoma

Causes: Light/fair skin, Sun exposure

Conditions: Itchy/bleeding mole, New mole, Mole with changes

Treatments: Depends on stage of lesion, Surgery, Lymph node biopsy, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Immunotherapy

Acne vulgaris

Causes: Surge of sex hormones during puberty, Excess sebum on skin surface

Conditions: Black heads, white heads (comedos), Papules, pustules

Treatments: Regular cleansing of affected area, OTC benzoyl peroxide products, Prescription medication (topical or oral)

Alopecia

Causes: Often hereditary, Hormone changes, Chemotherapy, Stress, Burns, Fungal skin infections

Conditions: Loss or lack of hair anywhere on the body, typically on the scalp, Can include eyebrows and eyelashes

Treatments: No cure, Hair transplants and medications can slow progression

Cellulitis

Causes: Staphylococcal and streptococcal bacterial infections

Conditions: Red, tight skin, Pain in inflamed area, Fever

Treatments: Oral/topical antibiotics, Hospitalization if at risk for developing systemic infection

Dermatitis

Causes: Multiple causative agents, Contact with irritants

Conditions: Inflammation of skin resulting in rash and pruritus

Treatments: Treatment is based on cause, Corticosteroid creams, Oral steroids

Eczema

Causes: Unknown (possible allergy or inflammatory condition)

Conditions: Chronic dermatitis with vesicular eruptions developing into itchy, red, scaly rash

Treatments: Topical or systemic steroids, NSAIDs for discomfort

Folliculitis

Causes: Shaving or repeated rubbing of shaved area, Bacteria or fungi

Conditions: Red, itchy hair follicles (pimple appearance)

Treatments: Regular cleansing of affected area, Topical antibiotics, Electric shaver instead of razor

Herpes simplex

Causes: Contact with herpes simplex virus

Conditions: Type I: painful blisters on lips, mouth, and face

Type II: similar lesions, located in genital area

Treatments: No cure, Antiviral medication to decrease frequency of outbreaks

Impetigo

Causes: Staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria

Conditions: Itchy, oozing skin lesions with honey-like appearing crust

Treatments: Antibiotics, Frequent cleansing of area

Pediculosis

Causes: Parasitic lice infestation

Conditions: Skin itching, Nits (eggs) in hair, particularly near roots

Treatments: Prescription or OTC lice treatments/shampoos

Psoriasis

Causes: Inherited autoimmune disorder

Conditions: Silvery, scaly, severely itchy skin lesions, Can cause systemic symptoms such as joint pain and inflammation (psoriatic arthritis)

Treatments: Oral NSAIDs, Topical creams containing vitamins A and D, Hydrocortisone cream, UV treatments

Ringworm

Causes: Contact with causative fungus

Conditions: Flat, circular lesions (dry/scaly or moist/crusty)

Treatments: Topical and oral antifungal medication

Rosacea

Causes: Dilation of small facial blood vessels, Cause of dilation is unknown

Conditions: Redness, Acne-like eruptions on face

Treatments: Topical cortisones, Antibiotics, Vascular laser therapy

Osteoarthritis

Causes: Inflammatory processes, Metabolic disorders

Conditions: Joint stiffness and pain, Fluid surrounding the joint, Grating sound with joint movement

Treatments: NSAIDs, Intra-articular injections, Arthroscopy, Joint replacement surgery

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Causes: Autoimmune

Conditions: Destruction of the joint capsule causing scar tissue to form, Visible joint deformity, Loss of joint mobility

Treatments: NSAIDs, Exercise, Heat and cold therapies, Cortisone injections, Surgery to remove scar tissue

Bursitis

Causes: Overuse, Joint trauma, Bacterial infection

Conditions: Joint pain and swelling

Treatments: Rest, Pain medication, Steroid injection, Aspiration of joint fluid, Antibiotics

Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors

Causes: Unknown, Age 10 to 20 years old, Male sex

Conditions: Fever, Pain at tumor site, Fractures, Bruising

Treatments: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, Bone marrow transplant, Stem cell transplant

Gout

Causes: Deposits of uric acid crystals accumulate in joint spaces

Conditions: Joint pain, Common in big toe and knee joints, Stiffness, Swelling

Treatments: Dietary changes (avoidance of rich, fatty foods), Pain medication, Medications to aid in elimination of uric acid in kidneys during urine formation

Kyphosis

Causes: Growth retardation or improper development of growth plates, Aging and degenerative disk disease contribute to adult onset

Conditions: Visible upper back curvature (humpback)

Treatments: Exercise, Back bracing, Harrington rod, Spinal fusion in extreme cases

Lordosis

Causes: Injury, Poor posture, Wearing high heels (inward positioning of back when balancing on balls of feet)

Conditions: Inward curvature of the lower back (swayback)

Treatments: Corrective shoes, Exercise

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

Causes: Hereditary

Conditions: Dental issues, Fractures at birth, Loose joints, Muscle weakness, Respiratory issues, Blue sclera of the eye, Triangle-shaped face, Small stature, Spinal curvature

Treatments: Fracture repair, Surgery with metal rodding, Physical therapy, Bracing

Osteoporosis

Causes: Hormone deficiencies, Sedentary lifestyle, Lack of vitamin D, Corticosteroid use (long-term), Smoking

Conditions: Fractures, Most common in the spine, wrists, hips, Loss of height, Can result in kyphosis

Treatments: Medications,Hormone replacement therapy, Exercise, Supplements

Osteosarcoma

Causes: Unknown

Conditions: Pain in affected bones (usually legs), Swelling with development of tumor growth

Treatments: Surgery, Chemotherapy and radiation, Amputation of affected limb

Paget's Disease

Causes: Hereditary, Viral

Conditions: Bone pain and deformity, Fractures, Excessive bone destruction

Treatments: Surgery, Medication, Physical therapy

Scoliosis

Causes: Possibly genetic, Can begin prenatally during formation of vertebrae, Muscle weakness

Conditions: Bent appearing spine (laterally), Back pain

Treatments: Back bracing, Physical therapy, Surgery with rod placement

Fibromyalgia

Causes: Unknown, Exacerbated by sleep deprivation, emotional distress, depression

Conditions: Fatigue, Point tenderness and trigger points, Chronic facial pain, Sleep disturbances

Treatments: Antidepressants, NSAIDs, Physical therapy, Trigger point injections

Muscular dystrophy

Causes: Hereditary

Conditions: Muscle weakness leading to eventual paralysis of muscle groups

Treatments: Physical therapy, Bracing, Ambulatory devices, Medications

Myasthenia gravis

Causes: Autoimmune

Conditions: Double vision, Muscle weakness, Dysphagia, Difficulty chewing, Difficulty breathing

Treatments: Avoiding excessive stress, Rest, Eye patch, Medication

Tendonitis

Causes: Sports- or activity-related

Conditions: Pain in joints, Limited range of motion in joint

Treatments: Rest, Ice, NSAIDs

Tetanus

Causes: Toxin produced by Clostridium tetani

Conditions: Muscle spasm in jaw and neck, Dyspnea, Fever, Irritability, Sweating and drooling

Treatments: Antitoxin and antibiotic medications

Hypertension

Causes: Narrowing of arteries, Increased arterial pressure, Risk factors: obesity, smoking, stimulant use, kidney disease, high sodium intake, excessive alcohol consumption

Conditions: Excessive sweating, Fatigue, Muscle cramps, Headaches, Dizziness

Treatments: Treatment of underlying cause, Lifestyle modifications: diet, exercise, stress management, smoking cessation, Antihypertensive medication

Angina

Causes: Coronary artery narrowing, Atherosclerosis

Conditions: Pain/tightness in chest

Treatments: Sublingual nitroglycerin, Treatment of underlying condition

Coronary Artery Disease (atherosclerosis)

Causes: Buildup of fat and cholesterol in arteries, Risk factors: high-fat diet, high LDL levels, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle

Conditions: Usually no symptoms prior to heart attack

Treatments: Lipid-lowering medications, Low-fat diet, Exercise, Smoking cessation, Coronary artery bypass grafting in severe cases

Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Causes: Coronary artery blockage, Atherosclerosis, Blood clot

Conditions: Squeezing chest pain that can radiate to shoulder/arm/neck/jaw, Shortness of breath, Diaphoresis, Dizziness, Nausea

Treatments: Aspirin, CPR if unconscious, Defibrillation, Anticoagulant medication, Immediate emergency protocol

Aneurysm

Causes: Atherosclerosis, Smoking, High-cholesterol diet, Obesity

Conditions: Usually none, Possible back pain, Tachycardia, Dizziness

Treatments: Surgery

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Causes: Smoking, Obesity, Sedentary lifestyle, High-cholesterol diet, Hypertension

Conditions: Shortness of breath, Wheezing, Peripheral edema in legs, Irregular heartbeat

Treatments: Medications to address tachycardia, Diuretic medication to treat edema, Antihypertensive medications

Mitral valve prolapse

Causes: Usually unknown, Hereditary or related to nervous system disorders

Conditions: Mild cases usually have no symptoms, Severe cases can have shortness of breath and palpitations

Treatments: None for mild cases, Medication to treat symptoms, Surgery to repair

Thrombophlebitis

Causes: Prolonged periods of inactivity, Hormone replacement therapy, Cancer, Paralysis, Thrombophlebitis

Conditions: Pain in affected area, Redness, Swelling

Treatments: Heat, Compression stockings, Anticoagulant medication, Surgery

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Causes: HIV virus

Conditions: Low T-cell counts, Fever, Diaphoresis, Susceptibility to frequent infection, Weight loss

Treatments: Antiretroviral medication to slow progression, Treatment of secondary infections with antibiotics, No cure

Lymphedema

Causes: Parasitic infection, Trauma, Surgical removal of lymph nodes

Conditions: Persistent tissue swelling

Treatments: Compression stockings, Lymphedema pump, Surgery

Mononucleosis

Causes: Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus

Conditions: Extreme fatigue, Sore throat, Fever

Treatments: Supportive care

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Causes: Medications, Bacterial infections, Autoimmune

Conditions: Fatigue, Body pain, Butterfly rash on face, Headaches, Nausea, Hair loss, Weight loss, Anemia, Shortness of breath

Treatments: NSAIDs (steroids, topical creams)

Celiac disease

Causes: Genetic defect, Lack of enzyme that breaks down gluten, Consumption of gluten triggers autoimmune reaction

Conditions: Weight loss, Bloating, Loose stools, Eventual systemic organ wasting due to lack of nutrients, Malabsorption

Treatment: Gluten-free diet

Asthma

Causes: Allergens, Pollutants, Dust Mites, Cigarette smoke

Conditions: Wheezing, Coughing, Feeling Of tightness in chest

Treatments: Avoiding allergens/irritants, Rescue inhaler for bronchodilation, Anti-inflammatory steroid inhalers, Leukotriene-receptor antagonists, Steroid injection for an acute episode

Atelectasis

Causes: Cystic fibrosis, COPD, Pleurisy, Lung cancer, Spontaneous

Conditions: Dyspnea, Cyanosis, Diaphoresis, Pain

Treatments: Thoracentesis, Chest percussion, Deep breathing exercises, Intermittent positive-pressure breathing

Bronchitis

Causes: Bronchitis, Viral, Environmental pollutants, Cigarette smoke

Conditions: Yellow-gray or green productive cough, Chest tightness, Dyspnea, Fever

Treatments: Cough medicine, Humidifier, Inhalers, Antibiotics in some cases

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Causes: Smoking, Environmental pollutants

Conditions: Dyspnea, Hypoxia, Fatigue, Cough

Treatments: Smoking cessation, Inhalers, Lung transplant in extreme cases

Emphysema

Causes: Damage to the alveoli caused by cigarette smoke, Pollutants, Specific types of dust

Conditions: Shortness of breath, Chronic cough, Fatigue

Treatments: Smoking cessation, Avoiding cold environments, Antibiotics for secondary lung infections

Influenza

Causes: Respiratory virus

Conditions: Fever, Muscle pain, Fatigue, Sore throat, Rhinorrhea

Treatments: Symptomatic, OTC analgesics for aches and fever, Antiviral medication

Legionnaires' disease

Causes: Legionella bacteria that grow in standing water

Conditions: Dyspnea, Cough, Headache, Fever

Treatments: Antibiotics, Respiratory medications, Oxygen, Fever medication (antipyretic)

Pneumonia

Causes: Bacterial, Viral, Parasitic

Conditions: Thick, colored sputum, Dyspnea, Fever, Cough

Treatments: Rest, Antibiotics, OTC analgesics

Pulmonary edema

Causes: Congestive heart failure, Myocardial infarction, Heart valve disorder, Drowning, Injury

Conditions: Orthopnea, Dyspnea, Wheeze, Productive cough, Weight gain, Pallor

Treatments: Oxygen therapy, Diuretics

Pulmonary embolism

Causes: Blood clot blocking an artery in the lung

Conditions: Dyspnea, Chest pain, Cough, Fainting, Rapid onset of shortness of breath, Diaphoresis

Treatments: Circulation support (compression hose), Rest, Anticoagulant medication, Surgically implanted filter

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Causes: Viral

Conditions: Fever, Headache, Dry cough

Treatments: Rest, Antiviral medication

Tuberculosis (TB)

Causes: Bacterial

Conditions: Chronic cough, Weight loss, Fatigue, Night sweats, Painful or difficult breathing

Treatments: Isolation if symptomatic, Medication therapy for 6 to 12 months

Alzheimer's disease

Causes: Degenerative brain disease, Possibly genetic or environmental

Conditions: Confusion, Memory loss, Impaired judgment, Personality change, Worsens over time

Treatments: Physical activity, Socialization, Medication to slow the progression, No cure

Bell's palsy

Causes: Unknown cause

Conditions: Weakness or paralysis of facial muscles, Facial numbness and drooping, Headache

Treatments: NSAIDs, Pain relievers, Usually self-resolving

Seizures

Causes: Birth trauma, Infections, Brain injury, Head trauma, Drug withdrawal

Conditions: Uncontrolled muscle contractions, Loss of consciousness, Visual disturbances

Treatments: Medication, Brain surgery

Meningitis

Causes: Bacterial, viral, fungal infection causing inflammation of the meninges

Conditions: Stiff neck, Headache, Fever, Vomiting

Treatments: Appropriate medications for type, Bacterial can be fatal

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

Causes: Viral, Genetic, Immune system dysfunction

Conditions: Loss of ability to speak, walk, Double vision, Loss of balance, Weakness in arms/legs

Treatments: Supportive, Medications to slow progression, No cure

Parkinson's disease

Causes: Lack of neurotransmitters, Brain tumors, Drugs, Head trauma

Conditions: Arm/leg muscle and joint stiffness, Lack of coordination, Tremor

Treatments: Supportive, Medications to slow progression, No cure

Stroke

Causes: Blockage of artery in neck or brain

Conditions: Paralysis, Confusion, Memory impairment, Some symptoms can be permanent

Treatments: Physical therapy, Occupational therapy, Speech therapy

Migraine headache

Causes: Hormones, Stress, Dietary, Familial

Conditions: Dull to throbbing head pain, Sensitivity to light, sound, Nausea, vomiting, Visual aura

Treatments: Medications, Alternative methods (acupuncture, biofeedback, magnesium)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Causes: Increased age, Increased level of dihydrotestosterone

Conditions: Feeling of full bladder after urinating, Weak urine flow, Needing to urinate often

Treatments: Alpha blockers, Minimally invasive surgical procedures, Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Hydrocele

Causes: Failure of inguinal ring to close properly in development, Injury or swelling of the scrotum

Conditions: Few symptoms, Pain, Increased size of scrotum

Treatments: Surgery if symptomatic

Prostate cancer

Causes: Unknown, Genetics

Conditions: Pain, Erectile dysfunction, Dysuria

Treatments: Hormone therapy, Radiation therapy, Surgery, Cryosurgery, Chemotherapy

Sexually transmitted infections

Causes: Unprotected contact with infected tissue or fluids

Conditions: Varies depending on infection/disease, Pelvic or penile pain, Sores, Itching or discharge, Dysuriam, Body rash, Infertility

Treatments: Varies depending on infection/disease, Medication, Cryosurgery, Immunizations

Endometriosis

Causes: Unknown

Conditions: Most have no symptoms, Pelvic pain, especially during menses, Painful urination and defecation, Infertility issues

Treatments: NSAIDs, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, Oral contraceptives, Progestins, Surgical intervention

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Causes: Untreated STDs/STIs, Multiple sexual partners, Frequent douching

Conditions: Lower abdominal pain, Back pain, Fever, Rapid pulse, Vaginal discharge, Pain during sexual intercourse

Treatments: Antibiotic treatment, Surgical intervention to treat scarring

Cervical cancer

Causes: Particular strains of human papillomavirus (HPV)

Conditions: Abnormal vaginal bleeding, Lower abdominal or pelvic pain, Abnormal vaginal discharge, Pain during sexual intercourse

Treatments: Surgical intervention (partial or complete hysterectomy, removal of lymph nodes in affected regions), Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy

Acute kidney failure

Causes: Burns, Dehydration, Hemorrhage, Low blood pressure, Trauma

Conditions: Little to no urine production, Swelling in extremities, Mental confusion, Coma, Seizures, Nose bleeds

Treatments: Increase dietary protein, Fluid and potassium intake regulation, Dialysis

Chronic kidney disease

Causes: Diabetes, Hypertension, Kidney stones, Polycystic kidney disease

Conditions: Headache, Seizures, Confusion, Fatigue, Anemia, Abnormal heart or lung sounds

Treatments: Antibiotics, Blood transfusion, Control of blood pressure, Dialysis, Kidney transplant

Incontinence

Causes: Nervous system disorders, Urinary tract infection (UTI), Bladder cancer, Prostate disorders

Conditions: Involuntary urination

Treatments: Medication, Surgical removal of the prostate, Kegel exercises, Surgery

Polycystic kidney disease

Causes: Enlarged kidneys due to cysts, Inherited

Conditions: Hypertension, Fatigue, Anemia, Heart murmurs

Treatments: Medication, Draining of cysts, Surgical removal of kidney

Pyelonephritis

Causes: Bladder infection that spreads to kidneys

Conditions: Fatigue, Fever, Painful urination, Cloudy or bloody urine

Treatments: Antibiotics

Renal calculi

Causes: Highly concentrated urine, UTI, Gout

Conditions: Severe back or abdominal pain, Fever, Nausea, Urgency

Treatments: Medication, Surgery, Lithotripsy

Appendicitis

Causes: Idiopathic inflammation of the appendix

Conditions: RLQ pain, Loss of appetite, Nausea

Treatments: Antibiotics, Appendectomy

Cirrhosis

Causes: Scarring of liver, Can be autoimmune, Medication, Alcohol, Hepatitis B or C

Conditions: Anemia, Fatigue, Fever, Enlarged liver, Jaundice, Weight loss

Treatments: Avoid alcohol consumption, Antibiotics, Diuretics

Cholelithiasis (gallstones)

Causes: Insoluble cholesterol and bile salt

Conditions: Can be asymptomatic, Radiating right upper quadrant pain, Fever, Nausea, vomiting

Treatments: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Lithotripsy

Colitis (inflammation of the large intestine)

Causes: Viral or bacterial infection

Conditions: Diarrhea, Abdominal pain, Bloating

Treatments: Treatment of underlying cause, Surgery

Constipation (difficulty eliminating feces)

Causes: Inactivity, Lack of fiber and water in diet, Medications

Conditions: Bloating, Abdominal pain, Hard feces

Treatments: Increased dietary fiber and water, Physical activity

Crohn's disease

Causes: Inflammatory bowel disease, Autoimmune

Conditions: Fever, Joint pain, Tender gums, Abnormal abdominal sounds, Constipation or diarrhea, Intestinal bleeding

Treatments: Dietary changes, Antibiotics, Surgery

Diverticulitis (abnormal out-pouching of intestinal wall)

Causes: Bacterial, Viral, Parasitic

Conditions: Constipation or diarrhea, Bloody stools, Abdominal pain, Nausea

Treatments: High-fiber diet, Antibiotics

Hemorrhoids (varicose vein of the rectum or anus)

Causes: Constipation, Straining during bowel movements, Pelvic pressure during pregnancy, childbirth

Conditions: Itching, pain in anal area, Blood with bowel movements, Visible protrusion from the anus

Treatments: High-fiber diet, Stool softeners, Surgical removal

Hiatal hernia (part of stomach protrudes through diaphragm into chest cavity)

Causes: Unknown causes, Smoking, Obesity

Conditions: Heartburn, Chest pain, Excessive burping, Nausea, vomiting

Treatments: Weight reduction, Medication, Surgical repair

Stomach ulcer

Causes: Bacterial infection, Smoking, Medication

Conditions: Nausea, vomiting, Abdominal pain

Treatments: Antibiotics, Antacid medication, Surgery

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear

Causes: Plant and twist motion of the foot and knee

Conditions: Pain, Swelling, Knee buckling

Diagnosis: Physical exam, Radiographic confirmation (typically MRI)

Treatments: RICE, Surgical repair, Allograft, Physical therapy

Concussion

Causes: Head impact

Conditions: Nausea, Loss of balance, Disorientation, Headache

Diagnosis: Physical exam, Neurologic testing, CT of the brain

Treatments: Rest, Treatment of symptoms

Muscle strain

Causes: Overexertion of a muscle not properly warmed up for activity level

Conditions: Pain, Swelling, "Tight" feeling

Diagnosis: Physical exam, MRI

Treatments: RICE, Avoiding physical strain to the area

Epicondylitis (tennis elbow)

Causes: Overuse of elbow causing tiny ligament tears

Conditions: Swelling, Tenderness, Grip weakness

Diagnosis: Physical exam, X-ray, MRI

Treatments: Rest, Ice, NSAIDs, Forearm strap, Extended break from aggravating activity

Rotator cuff tear

Causes: Repetitive stress of the shoulder joint

Conditions: Pain, Weakness, Inability to raise arm over head

Diagnosis: Physical exam, X-ray, MRI

Treatments: Rest, NSAIDs, Cortisone injection to shoulder joint, Surgery

Bone fracture

Causes: Impact injury resulting in bone cracking or breaking, Stress fractures: overuse or repetitive stress

Conditions: Pain, Swelling, Loss of function

Diagnosis: Physical exam, X-ray, CT if plain films are not clear

Treatments: Immobilization with internal or external device (cast, splint, pins, plates, screws)

Joint dislocation (subluxations)

Causes: Impact injury removing bones from proper joint alignment

Conditions: Pain, Loss of sensation, Immobility

Diagnosis: Physical exam, X-ray, MRI, CT

Treatments: Realignment of bones, Immobilization, Physical therapy to strengthen surrounding muscles, Surgery for repeated incidences