BJU 6th Science Chapter 13

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39 Terms

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trait

Inherited physical characteristic: determined by both your genes and your environment.

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gene

A small piece of the DNA strand found in the chromosomes that controls the traits of an organism.

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chromosomes

Tight bundles of DNA; usually found in the nucleus of a cell.

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DNA

a molecule containing the chemical code that tells the cells what to do; the abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid.

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heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring.

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inherited

Traits you receive from your parents.

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double helix

The shape of DNA.

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genetics

The study of how traits are inherited.

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purebred

An organism that is the offspring of parents having the same genetic makeup.

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P generation

The parent generation in Mendel's experiments.

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hybrid

Produced by crossing parent (purebred) that have two different forms of the same gene.

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dominant trait

The characteristic that shows up as the phenotype when an offspring has genes for both traits.

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recessive trait

This characteristic is hidden when a dominant gene is present.

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expressed gene

The gene that is always shown if present in a person's chromosomes.

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phenotype

The physical appearance of an organism.

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genotype

The arrangement of genes within an organism.

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codominance

The expression of both genes instead of one being recessive while the other is dominant.

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incomplete dominance

The blending of genes together, instead of one being dominant while the other is recessive.

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Punnett square

A diagram used to show the probability of certain genetic traits for the offspring of any two parents.

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pedigree

A chart that traces a particular trait through many generations using lines and symbols.

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sex-linked traits

Traits that are usually passed from mothers to children but are usually visible only in sons as they are typically present on the X chromosome (boys only have one X).

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sickle cell anemia

A genetic disorder that causes a person's blood cells to become hard and curved, like a farmer's sickle.

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cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder that causes thick mucus to clog the lungs and air passages; can also affect the digestive system.

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Down syndrome

A genetic disorder usually caused by an extra chromosome; may cause developmental disabilities, learning disabilities, and hearing, vision, and heart problems.

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genetic engineering

Changing a gene or moving some of one organism's genes into another organism. This can be helpful or cause harm so is often risky.

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meiosis

A process of cell division in which cells divide a second time, producing reproductive cells with only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.

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mitosis

The step by step process of cell division that ensures that the two new cells formed will be genetically the same as the original cell.

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A with T, C with G

Nucleotide base pairing in DNA between A, C, G, and T?

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Rosalind Franklin

British scientist was the first person to photograph a DNA molecule.

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James Watson and Francis Crick

Rosalind Franklin showed the DNA X-ray picture to these 2 men who discovered the actual shape of the DNA as a twisted spiral.

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adenine

Base A in DNA that only fits with T

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guanine

Base G in DNA that only fits with C

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cytosine

Base C in DNA that only fits with G

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thymine

Base T in DNA that only fits with A

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sugar phosphate

This type of molecule forms the sides of the DNA ladder (need this and a base).

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Gregor Mendel

The father of modern genetics; a monk and scientist who discovered how traits are passed on from generation to generation using pea plants.

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23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total

How many chromosomes come from each human parent? How many total?

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Sample size

When doing an experiment and trying to make guesses about traits in a population, this needs to be a large number.

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possible uses for DNA testing

help solve crimes, identify soldiers killed in action, identify twins, determine parents of children.