Bio Powerpoints 1-3

Pathophysiology

The cellular and organ changes that occur with disease and the effects of these changes on total body function.

Pathology

Study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs of the body that cause or are caused by disease.

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Disease

An acute or chronic illness that one acquires or is born with that causes physiologic dysfunction in one or more body systems.

Etiology

The causes of disease.

Pathogenesis

The sequence of cellular and tissue events from initial contact with an agent of disease until symptoms appear.

Morphology

The fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues.

Histology

The study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.

Clinical manifestations

Signs and symptoms used to describe diseases.

Sign

A manifestation that is noted by an observer.

Symptom

Subjective evidence noted by the patient.

Syndrome

A compilation of signs and symptoms characteristic of a specific disease state.

Complications

Possible adverse extensions of a disease or outcomes from treatment.

Sequelae

Lesions or impairments that follow or are caused by a disease.

Diagnosis

The designation as to the nature or cause of a health problem.

Validity

Extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure.

Reliability

Refers to the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same result.

Sensitivity

The proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test.

Specificity

The proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test.

Positive predictive value (PPV)

The proportion of true-positive results in a given population.

Negative predictive value (NPV)

The true-negative observations in a population.

Incidence

Number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specified time.

Prevalence

Measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time.

Morbidity

The effects an illness has on a person’s life.

Mortality

The causes of death in a given population, expressed as death rates.

Crude mortality rate

Number of deaths in a given period without accounting for age or other factors.

Risk factors

Conditions that predispose to the development of a particular disease.

Cross-sectional studies

Studies that compare the prevalence of a disease in those with the factor to those unexposed.

Case control study

Compares people known to have the outcome of interest with those who do not.

Cohort study

Follows a group initially free of disease classified by a given exposure over time.

Natural history of a disease

The progression of a disease in the absence of intervention.

Pre-pathogenesis

The period prior to the onset of the disease.

Cell

The smallest structural and functional unit of life.

Eukaryotic cells

Cells made up of internal membrane-bound compartments called organelles.

Prokaryotes

Cells that do not contain membrane-bound organelles.

Nucleus

The largest organelle in the cell that is the control center and contains DNA.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell that contains enzymes to change nutrients into energy.

Lysosomes

Sac-like organelles that contain enzymes to break down cellular components.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis made of rRNA and proteins.

Cytoplasm

A solution containing water, electrolytes, proteins, and organelles outside the nucleus.

Cell membrane

Thin membrane surrounding the cell with a semipermeable structure.

Simple diffusion

Movement from an area of higher to lower concentration without energy.

Active transport

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy.

Tissues

Groups of cells that work together to form organs of the body.

Connective tissue

Tissue that connects, binds, or supports various tissues.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that lines the body's surfaces and cavities, providing protection and absorption.

Muscle tissue

Tissue responsible for body movement, containing thin and thick filaments.

Nervous tissue

Tissue that functions in communication, distributed throughout the body.

Glial cells

Supporting cells in the nervous system.