Period 5 Review

54 40 or Fight

This was a popular slogan that James K. Polk used to win the Presidency in 1844. Polk wanted to expand the United States into the shared Oregon territory (the US shared it with the British). Polk's slogan was a push for all of the territory or a war with Britain.

Fort Laramie Treaty

This treaty was the beginning of the reservation system for Native Americans in the United States - It was signed in 1851.

Gold Rush

Gold was found at Sutter's Mill in California in 1848. Americans flocked to California to try to get rich off of the discovery of gold. The majority of people who became rich off of the discovery of gold were those who were supplying the gold (dry good stores, tool suppliers . . . ).

Compromise of 1850

The compromise was created by Henry Clay. The south was threatening to leave the Union again. The compromise temporarily kept the United States together.

Fugitive Slave Law

Part of the Compromise of 1850-the south liked this and the north hated it. Runaway enslaved people were supposed to be returned to the south. If people helped other people escape enslavement, they could be fined, put in jail, or both.

Nashville Convention

This was a meeting of representatives of nine southern states in the summer of 1850 to monitor the negotiations over the Compromise of 1850.

Gadsden Purchase

The last piece of land the US purchased for the 48 states. It was bought from Mexico so the US could finish laying railroad tracks. It was signed in 1853.

Gone to Texas (GTT)

Americans flocked to Texas after Stephen F. Austin first brings Americans there with permission from the Mexican government.

Webster/Hayne Debate

It was an argument between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne, about the issue over states' rights versus national power.

Popular Sovereignty

This type of voting was passed for Utah and New Mexico as part of the Compromise of 1850.

Slave Trade in DC

This was stopped as part of the Compromise of 1850.

Webster

This man concluded his argument with the famous quote: 'Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.'

Missouri Compromise Line

The Nashville Convention called for extension of this line to the Pacific Ocean.

Southern Confederacy Foundation

The Nashville Convention accepted the Compromise but laid the groundwork for a southern confederacy in 1860-1861.

Supremacy of State Governments

Hayne argued for the supremacy of state governments during the Webster/Hayne Debate.

Supremacy of Federal Government

Webster argued for the supremacy of the Federal government during the Webster/Hayne Debate.

Controversial Fugitive Slave Laws

The North refused to abide by the Fugitive Slave Law, continuing to help and harbor runaways.

The Alamo

A mission in Texas where a small band of Texan rebels took their stand against Santa Anna, the Mexican President, on 2/23/1836.

Santa Anna

The Mexican President who attacked the Alamo with roughly 6000 men after a 13-day siege.

Battle of the Alamo

A battle where about 250 Texans were killed, leading to the battle cry 'Remember the Alamo.'

Sam Houston

The President of Texas during its time as The Lone Star Republic, which lasted for about 8 years.

John Slidell

Sent by President Polk to negotiate an agreement with Mexico to make the Rio Grande River the southern border of Texas.

Mexican American War

Declared on May 13, 1846, due to American expansion beliefs and the refusal of Mexico to sell California.

James K. Polk

Known as the Manifest Destiny President, he gained more land during his presidency than any other President.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the United States was destined by God to expand its dominion across North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Abraham Lincoln's Spot Resolution

Proposed to determine the exact spot where American soldiers' blood was shed on the Mexican border.

Mexican Cession

The region of the present-day southwestern United States ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Signed on February 2, 1848, ending the Mexican American War and ceding significant territory to the United States.

Rio Grande River

The river proposed by John Slidell to be the southern border of Texas.

16 Americans

The number of American soldiers killed, which prompted President Polk to ask Congress for a declaration of war.

Nueces River

The disputed area between the Rio Grande and this river was a focal point of the Mexican American War.

California

The territory that President Polk wanted to purchase from Mexico, which led to the Mexican American War.

Long-term effects of the Mexican American War

Included the vast territory Mexico was forced to give up, leading to controversy over slavery in new territories.

Lone Star Republic

The name of Texas when it was an independent republic for about 8 years.

Political issue of slavery

The question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories became a leading national political issue after the Mexican Cession.

American Civil War

The conflict that arose partly due to the controversy over what to do with the land acquired from Mexico.

250 Texans

The approximate number of Texan rebels killed at the Battle of the Alamo.

6000 men

The number of troops Santa Anna led in the attack on the Alamo.

30 million

The amount John Slidell was instructed to offer Mexico for California.

8 years

The duration Texas was an independent republic known as The Lone Star Republic.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The agreement between President Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas.

Wilmot Proviso

Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory.

Lecompton Constitution

A controversial constitution drawn up by proslavery Kansas delegates seeking statehood, rejected in 1858 by an overwhelmingly antislavery electorate.

Freeport Doctrine

The Doctrine stated that slavery could not exist without supportive legislation and territorial legislation could refrain from passing a slave code.

Hinton Helper

He wrote Impending Crisis of the South, a book which called on lower-class whites to resist planter dominance.

Crittenden Compromise

The first compromise proposal submitted in hopes of preventing a civil war, proposing to reestablish the Missouri Compromise line and extend it westward.

Gag Rule

A strict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives.

Abraham Lincoln

The 16th President whose main goal during the Civil War was to save the Union, even if it meant allowing slavery.

Stephen Douglas

A huge supporter of Popular Sovereignty.

William Seward

An abolitionist who purchased Alaska for the United States.

Harriet Tubman

An African American who ran away from enslavement and became a conductor of the Underground Railroad.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

An author of the abolitionist novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which caused significant controversy and animosity between the North and South.

Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner

Congressional representatives who fought in Congress over the slave issue, with Brooks caning Sumner.

John Brown

A radical abolitionist who killed pro-slavery individuals in Kansas and led the raid on Harper's Ferry.

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

On May 24, 1856, John Brown and his associates murdered five proslavery men at cabins.

Harper's Ferry

The location where John Brown led a band of rebels to seize the federal arsenal.

Ostend Manifesto

This was President Franklin Pierce's administration's effort to revive expansionist foreign policy. He sent ambassadors to acquire Cuba from Spain by any means necessary.

Jefferson Davis

The president of the Confederacy during the Civil War. He could not unify the Confederate States.

Fort Sumter

The 1st battle of the Civil War was fought at Fort Sumter in Charleston SC. No one was killed but the South won the battle.

Trent Affair

The Trent was a Union warship that stopped a British ship on way to England and arrested two Confederate diplomats-James Mason and John Slidell.

Lincoln-Douglas Debate

It was a series of seven debates. Lincoln and Douglas argued about popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision.

House Divided Speech

Abraham Lincoln gave this speech on June 16, 1858 when he was a Senator from Illinois. He said 'I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.'

Antebellum

A term which refers to the period of increasing sectionalism that led up to the American Civil War.

Underground Railroad

A network of abolitionists who secretly helped enslaved people escape to freedom by setting up hiding places and routes to the North.

Ulysses S Grant

He was a general in the western front of the Civil War. Due to his effectiveness, he is promoted to commander of all the Union forces.

William T Sherman

Union General who implemented TOTAL WAR in the south during the Civil War. He ordered total destruction; mostly by fire.

Robert E Lee

The commander of the Confederate Troops during the Civil War. He eventually surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.

Thomas 'Stonewall' Jackson

He was Lee's 'right arm man'. He was shot by accident by his own men (friendly fire). He developed pneumonia and eventually died.

William Lloyd Garrison

An abolitionist who wanted the immediate end of slavery. He was the editor of The Liberator, which was an abolitionist newspaper.

Sarah & Angelina Grimke

Abolitionist sisters who grew up in a slave owning family but became passionate leaders of the abolitionist movement.

Frederick Douglas

Born an enslaved person on a rural plantation. He taught himself how to read and write, became a skilled tradesman, ran away, and became a passionate speaker for the abolitionist movement.

Sojourner Truth

An African American woman who escaped enslaved with her infant son in 1826. She sued for her 5-year-old son who had been illegally sold while enslaved.

Ain't I a Woman

A famous speech given by Sojourner Truth.

Popular Sovereignty

Practice of allowing people in a state to decide if they want slavery or not; part of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 act allowing people within Kansas and Nebraska to choose between becoming a slave state or a free state.

Bleeding Kansas

A term describing the violence that erupted in Kansas due to pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions voting on the slave issue.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

A Supreme Court case where an enslaved man sued for his freedom, leading to the ruling that enslaved people were property.

Fifth Amendment

Part of the Constitution stating that a person's property cannot be taken without due process of law.

Free Soilers

A political party in the mid-1800s opposing slavery in newly acquired territories to promote industrial expansion.

Republican Party

Political party formed in the 1850s by those who opposed slavery, known for its diversity.

Bull Run

The first major battle of the Civil War, marking the first bloodshed and indicating a long and harsh war ahead.

Anaconda Plan

The Northern strategy in the Civil War involving a blockade of southern ports, cutting the Confederacy in half, and capturing the Southern capital.

Antietam

The bloodiest single day battle of the Civil War, considered a turning point that prevented a Confederate victory on Northern soil.

Emancipation Proclamation

An executive order by Lincoln after Antietam that freed slaves in rebellious states, turning the war into a moral conflict.

Gettysburg

A three-day battle in Pennsylvania, considered the turning point of the Civil War, followed by Lincoln's dedication of the battlefield.

Vicksburg

An important Civil War battle won by the North, solidifying Lincoln's second term and the probability of Northern victory.

Strengths of the Union

Political leadership under Lincoln, advanced technology, a larger population, factories, and a strong navy.

Strengths of the Confederacy

Home court advantage, military leadership from figures like Robert E. Lee, and soldiers who were more willing to fight.

Habeas Corpus

A legal tool preventing unlawful imprisonment; suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War to detain Copperheads.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South, particularly in the Border States.

Border States

States such as Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, Kentucky, and West Virginia that were slave states but did not secede from the Union.

Border States

States where Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, Kentucky, and West Virginia stayed with the Union but were slave states.

Emancipation Proclamation

An executive order given by Lincoln which freed the enslaved people in the rebellious states.

54th Massachusetts

An African American unit in the Civil War formed on March 13, 1863, known for its performance at Fort Wagner.

War Bonds

Loans from people that the government guarantees to double in roughly 10 years, used to help pay for the war effort.

Conscription (the draft)

The draft utilized by both sides during the Civil War, with the largest draft riot occurring in New York in 1863.

Merrimack and the Monitor

The first ironclad ships used in battle, with the Merrimack being the Confederate ship and the Monitor the Union ship.

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan (10% Plan)

A plan for former Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath.

40 Acres and a Mule (Special Field Order 15)

A slogan from 1864-1865 when the federal government settled nearly 10,000 African American families on abandoned plantations.

Sherman's March/Total War

A campaign led by William T. Sherman aimed at crippling the Confederacy's ability to wage war by destroying key resources.