MEDICINE - 1. Causes

What did MEDIEVAL people think made them ill?

Sin, Smell, Everyday Life, Supernatural, Four Humours

4 main causes of disease

Poverty, Famine, Warfare, Accidents

Examples of lack of hygiene in MEDIEVAL towns

Animals roaming, waste disposed in streets, rivers contaminated, overcrowding means disease spreads rapidly, industry and housing mixed, open sewers, breeding ground for lice mice flees

Give MEDIEVAL Black Death statistics

1348 arrived in England named after sores that grew under skin of infected people. Across Britain killed 50-66% of population

What did MEDIEVAL people think caused the Black Death?

Unbalanced Four Humours, Astronomy, Bad Smells, Pollution, God, Natural Disasters, Jews in Religion, Sin

Statistic of deaths in London from Plague in EARLY MODERN

In 1665, 100,000 people died in London alone which was 25% of population

Give 3 changes of what people thought caused disease in 1348 to Plague in 1665

Touch, overcrowding causing spread, less superstitious and more rational such as not using astronomy

Why did poverty cause disease?

In 16th century, population grew faster than jobs becoming available, only 25% of rural families had enough land for subsistence farming so 40% had to buy some or all food, ate bread and pottage causing malnutrition

Why did famine cause disease?

Poor harvests reduced food supply causing rise in prices leading to starvation

Give 2 examples of famine

Harrying of the North 1069 caused 100,000 to die. In 1315-17 torrential rain ruined crops for 3 years and is estimated that it killed 10-15% of england's population

Why did warfare cause disease?

Armies were constantly on the move during the English Civil war carrying lice and typhus causing outbreaks, wounds were infected, crowded camps spread disease

Give 2 examples of how warfare caused disease and deaths

Epidemic typhus called 'camp fever' as camps were overcrowded and breeding grounds for infection and erupted in Oxford during 1643. In 1461 in Battle of Towton 22-28,000 killed fighting

What type of Plague was the Black Death?

Bubonic

Example of sewage issues in EARLY MODERN period

In 1660 Samuel Pepys a famous diatrsit opened his cellar door to sewage overflow from the neighbours toilet

Example of spread of disease due to overcrowding and poor housing

The Great Plague of 1665 spread from the slums of St Giles in London

Give statistic of high infant mortality rate in MODERN ERA 19th C

57% of children died before age 5

What was Rickets disease in MODERN ERA 19th C?

Crippling bone disease common in infants caused by calcium deficiency and malnutrition known as 'English Disease'

Statistic of deaths from cholera in MODERN ERA 19th C

In 1831-32 50,000 died in UK from Cholera

Which famous person died of cholera in MODERN ERA 19th C?

Prince Albert

What was Phossy Jaw in MODERN ERA 19th C?

Industrial disease caused by fumes from phosphorous used to make match heads

Examples of Industrial diseases in MODERN ERA 19th C

Phossy jaw, chimney sweepers lung disease, coal miners got pneumoconiosis

Example of place where there was a typhoid outbreak in MODERN ERA 19th C

Maidstone, Kent

List 3 contagious diseases in MODERN ERA 19th C

Typhoid, measles, chicken pox

Why were there new industrial diseases in MODERN ERA 19th C?

Lack of regulations, exposure to soot, gases, dust, unsafe use of machinery caused accidents, unsanitary conditions, overcrowding

Explain change in poverty by MODERN ERA 19th C

By 1851 urban population was larger than rural and towns provided a wider range of jobs to support this. But there were still low wages and irregular incomes for unskilled workers

Explain change in overcrowding and poor housing by MODERN ERA 19th C

Shortage of accommodation meant families lived in hastily built slum houses which easily spread disease and caused worse sanitation

Explain overall change in MODERN ERA 20th,21st C

Progress as understanding of causes grew, new cancer and heart disease, lifestyle disease developing and environmental causes from pollution and workers stress

When was the Spanish Flu?

1918-1920

Why did the Spanish Flu spread so fast?

Mass troop movement in 1918 after end of WW1 rapidly spread it globally

What did the UK government do to try to control panic around the Spanish Flu?

Imposed censorship but war newspapers reported deaths 7 million deaths in spain

Give 3 main symptoms of Spanish Flu and state who it was dangerous to

Headaches, sore throat, loss of appetite. Most dangerous to 20-40 year olds

How many lives were taken by the Spanish Flu? Give 3 statistics

50-100 million lives. 3-5% of world population. Up to 20% of those infected died as hospitals could not cope with volume of patients

Give statistics of deaths from AIDS

By 2000, 8 million people had died. In 2014 40 million people globally had died and another 40 million were living with the diesease

Why do people die from AIDS?

They catch illness as their weakened immune system cannot fight off the infection

How is HIV spread?

Sex, sharing needles, blood transfusions, breast feeding

How was HIV/AIDS identified?

In 1981 in USA as gay men were dying and then in 1983 they realised it attacks immune system

Example of famous person who died from AIDS?

Freddie Mercury

What was the response to AIDS from health campaigns and Activist groups?

Health advisers were only moralistic advising that not having sex was the prevention, misinformation on transmission from kitchen utensils, holding hands or kissing. Activist ACT UP group did give support