APUSH (Part 3) (Imperialism to 20s)

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Imperialism motivations

• Social Darwinism

  • “White Man’s Burden”

• American Exceptionalism

• Industrial Revolution (need materials)

• Timeline

  • Isolation

  • American Exceptionalism

  • Dollar Diplomacy (Use money to wield passive influence)

  • Moral Diplomacy (America must be world police for democracy’s sake)

Yellow Press

• Hearst, Pulitzer

• Press which fantasizes foreign cultures (motivates Imperialism through ‘adventurism’)

• Sensationalism, focused on profits and sales rather than the truth

• Sensationalizes Cuban revolt, drives pro-war rhetoric (the USS Maine) and leads to Spanish-American War

3rd Great Awakening

• Focuses on spreading Christianity worldwide (imperialism)

• Cultural conservatism at home (prohibition, Women’s Christian Temperance Movement)

Venezuelan Crisis (1895 - 1896)

• British want to annex a part of Venezuela for gold

• USA invokes Monroe Doctrine for the first time, and Britain backs down as it needs an ally against Germany

Annexation of Hawaii (1896-1898)

• Powerful American business control Hawaiian Parliament, stripped locals of land

• Queen’s attempt at reform foiled by US marines, who facilitate the abolition of the monarchy and the eventual annexation of Hawaii into the USA

Spanish-American War (1898)

• “Splendid Little War”

• Cuban Revolt of 1895 is sensationalized by the yellow press, who also blame the explosion of the USS Maine on Spain

• US declares war in response

• US win resounding victory against the Spanish

• Annexes the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico

Teller Amendment and Platt Amendment

• Post-Spanish-American War

• Teller: Cuba released and not annexed

• Platt: But, it is incorporated into USA’s “sphere of influence” and America has the right to intervene in their affairs (takes Guantanamo Bay)

Anti-Imperialist League

• Group of Congressmen and US citizens opposed to US expansionism

• The big question: “Are these newly-acquired people citizens?”

• Members include:

  • Andrew Carnegie

  • Samuel Gompers (AFL)

  • Mark Twain

  • William Jennings Bryan

• Dies out in the 1920s

American Exceptionalism

• American is the superior Western nation, politically and culturally

US-Philipine Insurrection War (1899-1902)

• Philippine revolt led by Emilio Aguinaldo

• US army hindered by racial segregation

• Atrocities committed by US army

• US victory

America and China

• Open Door Policy (1899)

  • Chinese must be able to trade with everyone, regardless of the “spheres of influence” that exist within the nation

  • America now has access to all of China without needing to establish a foothold

• Boxer Rebellion (1900)

  • Anti-Western revolt in China

  • USA joins 8-Nation Alliance which defeats Boxers

Teddy Roosevelt foreign policy

• “Carry the Big Stick”

  • The large, modernized navy

  • intimidate other nations

  • “Great White Fleet” goes on a ‘world tour’ in 1907 to show off

• Roosevelt Corollary

  • USA reserves the right to intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary

Panama Canal (1904)

• USA supports Panamanian rebels in Colombia

• In exchange, USA gets to construct and own the Panama Canal Zone

• “The Yankee Pond” (US dominance over the Caribbean)

Dollar Diplomacy

• Taft’s foreign policy

• Invest in Latin America for influence (instead of military involvement)

American involvement in the Russo-Japanese War (1905)

• Teddy Roosevelt mediates the peace treaty between Japan and the defeated Russia and wins the Nobel Peace Price as a result

• The world is recognizing America’s power and turning to them

“Gentleman’s Agreement” (1907)

• Asians and Whites segregated in USA, threatens Japanese-American relations

• Japan agrees to police immigration to USA in return for reduced segregation

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

• Japanese and Americans agree not to interfere in each other’s Pacific colonies

Intervention in Mexican Revolution (1910-1917)

• Populist Poncho Villa raids USA

• USA invades Mexico in search of Villa

• Fails due to US entrance into WW1

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

• New reform movements

  • Many are continuations of Antebellum movements

  • White, middle class protestants (many are women) are main reformists

  • Motivated by fear of socialism (if we don’t reform, they’ll revolt) (Eugene Debs gaining popularity, got many votes)

• Goals

  • Restore people’s power

  • End corruption

  • End child labor and immigrant exploitation

  • Women’s suffrage

  • Prohibition (return of Temperance movement)

Muckraker Journalism

• Similar to the sensationalist “yellow journalism” but with good intentions

• Expose problems of industrial society

• Urban-based

• “Use the government as an agent of human welfare”

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)

• 141 workers, mostly Italian and Jewish immigrants, die to a large fire and improper safety accommodations such as faulty fire exits

Name some muckraker journalists

• Jacob Riis

  • Wrote famous exposé “How the other side lives”

  • Documented treatment of immigrants

• John Spargo

  • Against child labor

• Ida Tarbell

  • Exposed practices of Standard Oil

  • Led to anti-trust lawsuit against them in 1911

Suffragist Movement

• Alice Paul leads protests, hunger strike in jail

• Succeeds with 19th Amendment

Prohibition

• Driven by 3rd Great Awakening (Women’s Christian Temperance Movement)

• Succeeds with the 18th Amendment, banning alcohol in the USA

  • Counteracted by speakeasies and other illegal means of consuming alcohol

Teddy Roosevelt’s Presidency

• Charismatic

• Trust-Busting

  • Trusts: large super-corporations which control all parts of production, from manufacturing to distribution

  • Northern Securities Company

    • Large railroad monopoly broken up by SCOTUS after Roosevelt sues them

• Conservationism

  • National Park System

Coal Miner’s Strike (1902)

• Roosevelt successfully pressures mine owners to end strike and concede to workers’ demands

Roosevelt and Consumer Protection

• Meat Inspection Act (1906)

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

President Taft and the rift with Roosevelt

• Originally Roosevelt’s handpicked successor

• Attacks and defeats Standard Oil, the one trust Roosevelt allowed to exist

• Enacts tariffs, breaking from Progressivism

• Ballinger-Pinchot Incidient

  • Taft’s cabinet allows big business to operate on protected land (breaking from conservationism)

  • Nail in the coffin between Roosevelt and Taft

Election of 1912

• Roosevelt breaks from Republican party, runs under Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

  • Taft v. Teddy splits the Republican vote, gives Democrats under Woodrow Wilson the election

Woodrow Wilson

• Progressive

• “Moral Diplomacy”

• Racist

• Federal Reserve (brings back the national bank, income tax)

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act protects labor unions

• Tariff reduction

Progressive Era achievements

• 16th Amendment (Income tax)

• 17th Amendment (Direct election of senators)

• 18th Amendment (Prohibition)

• 19th Amendment (Women’s vote)

• Labor Unions get more power

• More government regulation (think 1906 acts from Teddy Roosevelt)

• Child Labor addressed

Progressive Era and Race (name 3 important figures along with general trends)

• New reforms don’t help Black Americans

• Lynching still an issue

• Plessy v. Ferguson codified segregation

• Marcus Garvey advocates for black separatism

• Booker T. Washington founds Tuskegee Institute, believes Whites should allow Black people to help themselves, promotes racial cooperation

• W.E.B DuBois founds NAACP, advocates for “talented tenth” (intellectual Black Americans) and less compromising than Booker (Sparks dispute)

Lead up to World War One

• Neutral, trading with both sides

• German submarines sinking ships randomly, begin to drive Americans away from the Germans (the Lusitania sinking in 1915)

• Germans take the Sussex Pledge and agree to halt unrestricted submarine warfare, but break it soon after (However, this allows Wilson to claim “He Kept Us Out of War” and win the election)

• Germans send the Zimmermann Telegram, which offers Mexico a deal to invade the USA, if they join them, causing the USA to declare war on Germany

Moral Diplomacy

• Making the world “safer for democracy”

• Championed by Woodrow Wilson

• Justifies WW1 as the “war to end all wars”

Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917-1918)

• Socialists and other citizens opposing the war and the draft

• Wilson passes these acts to suppress anti-war speech under the threat of deportation or arrest

• Supported by Schenk v. USA (1919) which declared that speech which constituted a “Clear and Present Danger” was not protected

First Red Scare

• Russian Revolution sparks fear

• Socialists and anarchists targeted

• Immigrants also targeted (especially Italians)

  • Sacco and Vanzetti case, Italian anarchists accused of murder and executed

  • Emergency Quota and Immigration Acts (broad restrictions on immigration)

• “Palmer Raids”

US economy during WW1

• “War Industries Board”

• USA shifts to a command economy to sustain a “Total War”

Great Migration

• Black Americans move to the North to get new jobs, where they are faced with “de-facto” segregation that primarily restricts where they can live

• Race Riots

Wilson’s 14 Points and how they failed

• Reflection of moral diplomacy

• No blame, no one loses colonies, self-determination (freedom of ethnic minorities), League of Nations

• Self-determination really only applied to European minorities in the losing nations

• Allies reject these, opt to punish Germany instead with Treaty of Versailles

• Republicans in Senate reject the League of Nations and Versailles, Wilson’s attempt at world peace fails

  • Argued that Article X of the LON Covenant robbed them of the ability to declare war

“The Lost Generation”

• Generation of Americans disillusioned with American society after World War One

• Lost faith in democracy, religion, the West

• Death of American Exceptionalism

• Will be main pioneers of Modernism

Four Power Treaty, Five Power Treaty, and Nine Power Treaty

• America goes into a period of deep isolationism after World War One, forms treaties which codify its separation from the world

• 4 Power Treaty: No interference in Asian colonies among imperial powers

• 5 Power Treaty: Disarming the oceans, Japan allowed the least amount of warships

• 9 Power Treaty: Agreement between the powers in China to respect each other’s spheres of influence

Calvin Coolidge

• Bull market (overconfidence in the market)

• Loose credit policies

• Little to no regulation (return to Laissez-Faire)

• Lays foundations for the Great Depression

• Dawes Plan (cycle in which USA will invest in Germany, who will use that to pay off debts to Allies, who will then use that to pay off debts to the USA)

Modernism v. Fundementalism

• Modernism

  • Urban

  • Spread by media

  • Breaking social norms

• Fundamentalism

  • Rural

  • Strongly religious

  • Conservative

  • Resists social changes

Technology and its effect on the 20s

• Radio and Film standardize the American image as Midwest-accented and white

• Cars allow citizens to see the nation

• Electricity

Harlem Renaissance

• New York

• Rise of unique Black culture and music

• Jazz, Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington

Women in the 20s

• Empowered by modernist movement

• Flappers (challenging dress norms)

• Birth Control gives women more power over sexual relations

  • Planned Parenthood

1925 Scopes trial

• Fundamentalism

• Case against a teacher (Scopes) who taught evolution in school

• Scopes loses, fundamentalist victory

KKK in the 20s

• Massive resurgence as ultra-fundamentalist Americans seek a response against modernism

• around 4 million members

• Now targeting Catholics, Jews, Immigrants, and more

• Now expanded into the North