Honors World History Chapter 3 - Enlightenment and Revolution

what encouraged the practical application of knowledge of nature?

the Renaissance

Scientific Revolution

people began using experiments and math more; no longer content using religion as an explanation

Roger Bacon

leading scholar during this time; favored scientific experimentation rather than relying on religion to explain things

scientists formed conclusions based on...

what they observed

scientific method

repeating experiments to see if results remain the same and drawing conclusions; logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

Ptolemy

made the geocentric theory

geocentric theory

the earth is the center of the universe and everything revolves around it; geocentric means "earth-centered"

Nicolaus Copernicus

abandoned Ptolemy's theory, and made the heliocentric theory that was originally denied because people didn't "feel" earth move

heliocentric theory

The sun is the center of the universe; heliocentric means "sun-centered"

who helped prove Copernicus' theory correct, even though they intended to prove it wrong?

Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei

Kepler used...

models, observation, and math

Galileo

built the telescope and studied space; argued that not all bodies revolve around Earth; said all objects fall at the same rate; his findings contradicted the Bible; formed basis for study of objects in motion

Physicists believed...

heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones; Galileo proved this wrong

Isaac Newton

studied Kepler, Copernicus, and Galileo; looked to explain why planets revolved around the sun; proposed law of universal gravitation; realized that the force that holds planets up in orbits was the same as the force that causes objects to fall to earth

law of universal gravitation

all bodies attract each other and it can be measured

Andreas Vesalius

studied anatomy; refused to accept descriptions of muscles and tissues as written years earlier; published book on the human body

William Harvey

studied circulation of blood and observed the heart

triumphs of new science

science spread quickly throughout Europe, science schools and societies started, printing press helped

Rene Descartes

leader of the scientific revolution; developed philosophies based on own reason; said all assumptions had to be proven on basis of known facts

famous Descartes quote and its meaning

"I think, therefore I am" said his own existence was based on the fact that he could think

Francis Bacon

believed scientific theories could be developed only through observation; said no assumption could be trusted unless it could be tested by experiments

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

discovered bacteria

Robert Boyle

helped found chemistry; showed that temperature and pressure affect the space that a gas occupies

Antoine Lavoisier

named oxygen and showed that matter can change form but can neither be destroyed or created

what is the scientifc revolution characterized by

rapid speed and exchange of knowledge

what caused the scientific revolution

printing press, rise of scientific societies and communication improvements

what was "revolutionary" about the Scientific Revolution?

it permanently changed how people viewed the physical world

new tools scientists used

math, scientific instruments, experiments, and the printing press

new inventions by scientists

microscope, telescope, barometer, and thermometer

other scientific discoveries

calculus, bacteria, chemistry, oxygen

John Locke's philosophies and contributions

valued freedom of religion, natural rights, government comes from the consent of the governed; US govt was invalid without the consent of the governed, right to life - liberty - property, people can rebel against govt if it doesn't protect rights

Rousseau's philosophies and contributions

believed that people were born good and would be happy if free, only liked direct democracy; US has a representative democracy and popular sovereignty: govt must be created and controlled by the people

Mary Wollstonecraft's philosophies and contributions

women were not inferior, everyone is equal and has natural rights; inspired women's rights movement

Voltaire's philosophies and contributions

valued the monarchy, freedom of religion, individualism; Bill of Rights has freedom of religion and the right to fair trial

Montesquieu's philosophies and contributions

freedom of religion, not all people are equal, separation of powers; US govt has checks and balances

Thomas Hobbes' philosophies and contributions

people are naturally wicked, valued absolute monarchy; Congress has a diverse group of reps, ruler's power comes from people

philosophe

French philosopher

How did the Enlightenment philosophers influence American independence? (paragraph)

John Locke's ideas of freedom of religion, natural rights, and that the government comes from the consent of the people, are part of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. Rousseau's idea that people were happy if they were free led to popular sovereignty, meaning that the U.S. government was created and controlled by the people. He is also the reason we have a representative democracy. Voltaire valued freedom of religion and the right to fair trial, which are both in the U.S. Bill of Rights. Montesquieu is the reason we have the separation of powers and checks and balances in the U.S. government. Philosophers, such as these, have influenced American independence and our government.

what caused the French and Indian War

British settlers moved westward across the Appalachian Mountains, where the French were

French and Indian War

war over territory between France and Britain, British won

land the British ruled after the French and Indian War

Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River, and from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico

significance of the French and Indian War

Britain won control of most of North America, and huge war debt caused them to tax colonists, which led to the American Revolution

Sugar Act

imposed taxes on sugar and other imports from non-British colonies; seen as a threat to colonists' liberties

Stamp Act

imposed tax, in the form of a special stamp, on many documents: will, contracts, mortgages, newspapers, pamphlets

why did Parliament repeal the Stamp Act

the colonists boycotted

taxation without representation

colonists' argument that they could not be taxed since they had no representatives in Parliament

King George III

believed Parliament had too much power; wanted to select his own ministers; determined to force colonist obedience

Lord North

made Prime Minister by King George III, was willing to carry out his policies, gave East India Company a monopoly to ship tea to the colonies

Patriots

wanted independence, a third of the population

Loyalists (Tories)

opposed independence, a third of the population

Boston Tea Party

colonists threw tea into the Boston Harbor; Parliament closed the harbor

Intolerable Acts

taxes, Parliament closing Boston Harbor, and other acts of 1774

First Continental Congress

delegates from 12 of 13 colonies met in Philadelphia, demanded full rights of British citizens

Lexington and Concord

British troops fought versus armed colonists; began the American Revolution

Second Continental Congress

met at Philadelphia, prepared for war when they heard of fighting at Lexington and Concord

Declaration of Independence

adopted July 4, 1776; established United States of America as a free nation

3 things the Declaration stated

all powers of the government come from the people; no government can exist without the consent of the citizens; the government was created to protect individual rights

Thomas Jefferson

wrote the Declaration of Independence, showed influence of Enlightenment philosophes; declared all men equal

events in order that led up to the colonists rebelling against England

Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party, First Continental Congress, Lexington and Concord, Second Continental Congress

American Strengths

fighting in homeland; George Washington

American Weaknesses

lack of unity in the colonies; lack of American government; difficult to build a strong army

British Strength

superior army and navy

British Weaknesses

had to cross the ocean to get supplies and equipment; the war was not popular in Britain; no allies; King George hired Hessians

turning point of the Revolutionary War

Saratoga; France, Spain, and the Netherlands joined after

chief negotiater of peace

Benjamin Franklin; negotiations lasted two years

Articles of Confederation

adopted by the 2nd continental congress; set up a weak central government; Congress had no power to enforce laws, tax or coin money, or regulate trade with nations or states

strengths of the articles of confederation

seen as closer to the people

weaknesses of the articles of confederation

weak central government; Congress had no power to enforce laws, tax or coin money, or regulate trade with the nation or states

presiding officer of the Constitutional Convention

George Washington

the Constitution created a...

federal system of government

federal system of government

central government was given powers of declaring war, raising armies, making treaties, coining money, and regulating trade

Bill of Rights

10 amendments added, since some people feared that the Constitution did not protect individual rights; guarantee freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, petition, no illegal searches and seizures, right to a fair trial

events that followed the revolution, in the building of the US government

the 2nd constitutional convention adopted the Articles of Confederation, delegates met in Philadelphia to revise the articles, wrote the Constitution, added the Bill of Rights