Alternative Visions and Cultures of Splendor (1500–1900)

What challenged the nineteenth-century order of industrial capitalism and colonization?

Protest movements led by prophets, political radicals, and common people.

Where did nineteenth-century alternative vision movements typically arise?

Among marginal groups and regions.

What was the death toll of the Hui Muslim Revolt in China (1862-77)?

21 million deaths from massacres, famine, and epidemics.

What triggered the Hui Muslim Revolt in China?

Encroachment of the Qing and Russian empires in Central Asia.

What religious approach did some nineteenth-century dissidents use to resist global change?

Revitalization of traditional religions.

What did Islamic revitalization movements on the peripheries seek to establish?

New full-scale theocratic polities.

Who founded the Wahhabism reformist movement in the Najd region?

Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab.

What lax religious practices did Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab attack?

Sufi sects extolling saints over the worship of God.

Which empire's hold on the Arabian Peninsula was threatened by Wahhabism?

The Ottoman Empire.

Who suppressed the militant Wahhabi movement on behalf of the Ottomans?

Egyptian troops.

What triggered Muslim revolts in West Africa during the nineteenth century?

Increased trade and Saharan religious ideas.

Who were the Fulani?

Nomadic and sedentary cattle keepers in West Africa.

Who founded the Sokoto Caliphate in northern Nigeria?

Usman dan Fodio.

What did Usman dan Fodio encourage against non-believers?

Jihad, or holy war.

Who was Nana Asma'u?

Usman dan Fodio's daughter, an intellectual and military supporter.

What was the Mfecane in early nineteenth-century southern Africa?

Political revolts and land competition that reordered the map.

Who created a ruthless warrior state during the Mfecane?

Shaka Zulu.

What social instability did rising opium consumption cause in nineteenth-century China?

Financial crisis and social unrest.

What major mid-nineteenth-century Chinese rebellion drew on Christian beliefs?

The Taiping Rebellion.

Who was the founding prophet of the Taiping Rebellion?

Hong Xiuquan.

Who did Hong Xiuquan believe was his older brother?

Jesus.

What was Hong Xiuquan's primary message to subordinate classes?

Revitalization and economic/social justice.

Who did the Taiping converts view as "demons"?

The Qing Manchus.

What strict rules did Taiping converts have to follow?

No alcohol, opium, or sensual pleasures.

What city did Taiping rebels capture in 1853 to make their capital?

Nanjing.

Why did the Taiping Rebellion eventually collapse?

Leadership struggles and excessively rigid codes.

How many people died during the Taiping Rebellion?

20 million people.

What political stance did reactionaries take during the European Restoration?

Return to the world before the French Revolution.

What is "radicalism" as defined during the European Restoration?

The belief that real change must start at the root.

What concept did nationalists use to define "the people"?

Shared common language, culture, and history.

Which nation secured independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832?

Greece.

What main concern did socialists and communists have about industrial capitalism?

The growing economic gap between workers and employers.

What was the Peterloo Massacre of 1819?

Peaceful Manchester workers killed by guardsmen during a demonstration.

What did the British Chartist movement demand?

Universal male suffrage and secret ballots.

Who was the most visionary prophet of Restoration-era utopian socialism?

Charles Fourier.

What did Charles Fourier advocate reorganizing society into?

Phalanxes of about 1,500 people.

What is the core argument of Karl Marx's materialist theory of history?

History is driven by production of goods and class division.

What did Tenskwatawa promise would happen if Indigenous Americans returned to traditional ways?

Invaders would vanish and resources would return.

What was the goal of Tenskwatawa's brother, Tecumseh?

To organize an enlarged Indigenous confederation to combat American expansion.

What triggered the Indian Rebellion of 1857?

Rumors of rifle cartridges greased in cow and pig fat.

How did global commerce after 1500 affect rulers and merchants?

Enriched them, leading to patronage of arts and learning.

Where did the world's most dynamic cultures remain in the 1500s?

In Asia.

What three educational systems existed in the Ottoman Empire?

Palace schools, madrasas, and Sufi tekkes.

What was the "Tulip Period" in Ottoman history?

A period of popularizing elite arts and luxury consumption.

Which empire served as a home base for Shiite culture?

The Safavid Empire in Persia.

Which Safavid Shah created a cultural life based on Shiite principles?

Shah Abbas I.

What was the centerpiece of the Safavid capital, Isfahan?

A great plaza next to the palace and mosque.

What did Mughal high culture depend on for funding?

Agricultural taxes, silver, and foreign trade.

Which Mughal emperor developed a syncretic religion mixing Islam and Hinduism?

Emperor Akbar.

What white marble tomb did Shah Jahan construct in 1630?

The Taj Mahal.

Where did Islamic societies look for intellectual inspiration rather than Europe?

China and the East.

Why did Ming China have no centralized system of book censorship?

Widespread, decentralized book production.

What practice continued to restrict Chinese women's lives despite literary participation?

Footbinding.

What cosmic concept did the Chinese believe in instead of a supreme being?

Cosmic unity and the Mandate of Heaven.

What drove Chinese astronomical technologies?

The emperor's role as mediator between heaven and earth.

What was the "floating world" (ukiyo) in Tokugawa Japan?

An urban culture of fiction, geishas, and Kabuki theater.

What was "native learning" in Tokugawa Japan?

A movement to honor Japan's greatness and reject foreign Buddhism.

What was "Dutch learning" in Tokugawa Japan?

The study of European ideas after foreign book bans were lifted.

Which West African kingdom became the richest from gold and slave trade?

The Asante kingdom.

What prestigious item did Asante artists produce for their rulers?

Kente cloth.

What art form did Oyo and Benin refine from the first millennium?

Bronze sculpture and metalwork.

What is bioprospecting?

Naturalists gathering biological information from colonial regions.

Which Ottoman scholar built a printing press but faced orthodox resistance?

Ibrahim Muteferrika.

Why did the Chinese emperor expel Jesuit missionaries in 1715?

The Pope rejected compatibility of Chinese rituals with Catholicism.

What three factors gave Europeans an advantage in knowledge production?

Competition, welcoming persecuted intellectuals, and diffusion mechanisms.

Which scientists used calculations to contradict age-old assumptions about the cosmos?

Galileo and Copernicus.

Who formulated the scientific method based on testable knowledge?

Francis Bacon.

What did Isaac Newton identify in "Principia Mathematica"?

Natural laws governing the universe.

What did Adam Smith describe in "The Wealth of Nations"?

Universal economic laws and the "invisible hand".

What was the "Encyclopédie"?

A massive collaborative text seeking to gather universal knowledge.

Who was the first European to classify the peoples of the world by race?

François Bernier.

How did Carolus Linnaeus contribute to scientific racism?

He introduced five subspecies of humans.

What are "Creoles" in Spanish America?

People of European descent born in the Americas.

What is "Anglicization" in British America?

Wealthy colonists copying English architecture, fashion, and patriarchy.

What region did Captain James Cook's voyages open to European colonization?

Oceania and Australia.

What was the primary goal of Captain Cook's first voyage?

To observe Venus and claim the southern continent.

Why did the British colonize eastern Australia in 1788?

To establish a prison colony and exploit resources.

How did the image of Pacific Islanders shift among Europeans?

From "primitive innocence" to "savage".

What social spaces in Paris did aristocratic women preside over?

Salons.

What was a common outcome of Christian missionary encounters in the Americas?

Hybrid religious forms incorporating Indigenous traditions.

What new political idea emerged in the Atlantic world between 1750 and 1850?

The nation-state, based on popular sovereignty and shared culture.

What did economic reformers of the late eighteenth century mean by "free trade"?

Laissez-faire markets with no tariffs, quotas, or fees.

What did economic reformers mean by the concept of "free labor"?

Using paid labor rather than slave labor.

What 1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine argued for North American independence?

Common Sense.

Who authored the North American Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson.

Which treaty in 1783 officially gained the United States its independence from Britain?

The Treaty of Paris.

What did Anti-Federalists insist on adding to the 1787 US Constitution?

A Bill of Rights to protect individual liberties.

What French revolutionary assembly was formed by members of the Third Estate in 1789?

The National Assembly.

What Parisian armory and political prison was stormed by crowds on July 14, 1789?

The Bastille.

What document guaranteed all French citizens equality under the law and sovereignty?

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

Who wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women and Citizens in 1791?

Olympe de Gouges.

Which radical political group launched the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution?

The Jacobins.

Who led the Jacobins during the Reign of Terror in executing 40,000 people?

Maximilien Robespierre.

What civil legal code did Napoleon Bonaparte establish to centralize French administration?

The Napoleonic Code.

At what 1815 battle was Napoleon Bonaparte finally defeated?

The Battle of Waterloo.

What 1815 conference restored deposed monarchs and aimed to prevent future European wars?

The Congress of Vienna.

From which social group did the revolution in Saint-Domingue (Haiti) originate?

Enslaved Africans.

Who led the Haitian fight for independence against French forces?

Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Who led 40,000 to 60,000 Andean Indigenous peoples in an 1780s rebellion?

Tupac Amaru II.

How did Brazil's path to independence differ from other Latin American nations?

It achieved statehood with little political turmoil or social revolution.