Annie EOC biology

Life is ___ based

carbon

What are the four categories of macromolecules/biomolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Monomer of a carbohydrate?

monosaccharide (sugar/glucose)

Monomer of a lipid?

Fatty acids + glycerol

Monomer of a protein?

amino acid

Monomer of a nucleic acid?

nucleotide

What is a carbohydrates function?

Fast energy (short-term energy)

What is a lipids function?

long term energy storage, protection, waterproofing and insulation

What is a proteins function?

regulating cell processes, immunity

What is a nucleic acids function?

storing and transmitting genetic info

A nucleotide

What is this?

Nucleic Acid

What is this

carbohydrate digestion

What is this?

Lipid

What is this?

Protein

What is this?

How should you remember the molecular structure of each?

CHO-CHO-CHON-CHONP

CHO - Carbohydrate/Monosaccharide

CHO- Lipid/Fatty Acid + Glycerol

CHON- Protein/Amino Acid

CHONP - Nucleic Acid/Nucleotide

Carbohydrates have a ___ ratio

1:2:1

Enzymes are an example of which macromolecule?

Protein

Enzymes can change ___ when the temperature gets too high

shape (denature)

Extreme __ can denature (altering the structure of something, particularly a protein, in a way that disrupts its natural form and function) enzymes

ph

Enzymes speed up __ reactions

chemical

True or False

Enzymes can only be used once in a chemical reaction

False

An enzyme speeds up a reaction by

lowering the activation energy

What are the unique properties of water that make it essential to life?

• Polarity and hydrogen bonds

• Water expands upon freezing

• Ability to moderate temperature

• Versatility as a solvent (near-universal solvent)

• Cohesion

• Adhesion

• Capillary Action

Explain waters unique property of polarity and hydrogen bonds

Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom and slightly positive charges on the hydrogen atoms.

This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar molecules.

Hydrogen bonds are weak but collectively strong

THESE INTERACTIONS CONTRIBUTE TO WATER'S REMARKABLE CHARACTERISTICS

Explain waters unique property of expansion upon freezing

Ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float.

This property is crucial for aquatic life, as it prevents lakes and oceans from freezing solid from the bottom up

Explain waters unique property of the ability to moderate temperature

Water has a high heat capacity or a high specific heat which means it's resistant to changing temperature.

Water absorbs heat more slowly and retains this energy longer than many other substances do

So, if water wants to stay hot it will stay hot and it would take a lot of energy to change it.

This keeps coastal towns cool even though it's hotter inland (without water maintaining its temperature)

Explain waters unique property of versatility as a solvent (near-universal solvent)

Water's polarity makes it an excellent solvent - enabling many substances to dissolve in water (all except lipids)

Explain waters unique property of cohesion

cohesion is the attraction between substances of the same kind. hydrogen bonds between water molecules cause cohesion in liquid water. This causes surface tension.

Explain waters unique property of adhesion

attraction between different substances. water molecules are attracted to many other similarly polar substances (allowing water to stick to surfaces)

Explain waters unique property of capillary action?

water's ability to move upwards through narrow spaces, such as thin tubes or porous materials, against the force of gravity

Capillary action is due to what 3 things?

cohesion, adhesion and surface tension

3 components of cell theory?

1. All living things are made of cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of life

3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Theory vs Law?

Theory - well tested explanation supported by evidence

LAW - statement DESCRIBING behavior of natural world

Theories don't become ___ and laws don't become ___

laws, theories

Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells both have what things in common?

Ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, contain DNA

How do you tell the difference between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus (DNA in their nucleus) and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Their DNA is in the nucleoid in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus

Which came first, prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic cells are generally sm_ and si_ than eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells are generally la_ and more co_

smaller, simpler

larger, complex

Domains of Prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

Kingdoms of Prokaryotes?

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Kingdoms of Eukaryotes?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

Domain of Eukaryotes?

Eukarya

Function of cytoplasm?

to hold the cell's internal components in place, protecting them and allowing them to move freely

Function of ribosomes?

makes proteins (through translation)

Function of nucleus?

to act as the cell's control center, storing the cell's genetic material (DNA) and regulating its activities

Function of nuclear envelope?

act as a barrier between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, protecting the cell's genetic material

Function of nucleolus?

to produce ribosomes

Function of endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough ER (with ribosomes) - protein production

Smooth ER (without ribosomes) - lipid synthesis and detoxification

function of vaculoes?

holds water, food, waste, and other materials

function of mitochondria?

producing the majority of a cell's energy. They convert food into a usable form of energy called ATP

(where cellular respiration happens)

function of Golgi apparatus?

modifies, sorts and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release from the cell

function of chloroplasts?

convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis

(where photosynthesis happens)

function of lysosomes?

breaks down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell

function of cell wall?

provide support, protection, and shape to the cell (around membrane)

function of cell membrane?

acts as a boundary for cells, regulating what enters and exits

What is something animal cells have that plants do not?

centrioles

function of cilia and flagella?

facilitate movement

What is the difference between animal and plants vacuoles?

Plants have one large central vacuole