Molecules and Cells Exam 3

cancer

uncontrolled cell division, error in attachment of cells, stimulation of blood vessels

4 main phases of cell cycle

G1, S, G2, and M

G1

 first gap; cell grows, transcription and translation, signals to grow and divide or stop (no growth = G0)

S

synthesis; replication of chromosomes

G2

second gap; groundwork for mitosis and cell division

M

mitosis; two daughter cells produced and enter G1

G1 checkpoint

can only pass if they receive social signals keeping them in a dividing state and are supplied with nutrients to grow 

G2 checkpoint

all chromosomes must be replicated properly and DNA can’t be damaged

M checkpoint

microtubules must be attached properly and chromatids separate

conditions for uncontrolled cell division

 genotype, environment, and age

Allele

version of a gene

homologous chromosomes/homologs

versions of the same type of chromosome

replicated chromosome

copied chromosome

sister chromatids

two strands that make up a replicated chromosome physically joined

non-sister chromatids

strands on homologous chromosomes not physically joined