sq 11 - gene 2 transcription; dr reyes 🧬

X, Y

• is 3x larger than the other xmosome

• contains 55 genes only

Nucleus

Most dna is found in

Gene

is a length of DNA that directs the synthesis of a polypeptide or of a functional mRNA.

Replication

• DNA copied to DNA

Transcription

• DNA info copied to mRNA

Translation

• proteins synthesized using mRNA info as a template

3, does not

• Each of the estimated 30,000 genes in the human genome make an average of X proteins

• 97% of the human genome does/does not encode proteins “dark matter”

T

T/F The complexity of an organism does not relate to the amount of DNA in its genome

T

T/F?

Crick said it cant go backwards

Temin & Baltimore said you can use RNA template to enable DNA synth

Pro, Couple transcription translation, Euka, Nucleus, Cytoplasm

PRO VS EUKA?

• can do simultaneous protein synthesis (translation) bc ribosomes are already there (doesnt need transcription to finish)

  • What is this process called

• Trancscri & transla occur in different compartments

  • Transcri =

  • Transla =

Histones, introns

Prokaryotes do not have:

2. Aka non coding dna

Monocistronic, eukaryotes

MONOCISTRONIC vs POLYCISTRONIC 🤡

• meaning a single gene produces a single protein. Has introns

  • Which organism?

Polycistronic, prokaryotes

MONOCISTRONIC vs POLYCISTRONIC

• Meaning it comes from an operon, transcript is not modified and trimmed, and has NO introns.

• Which organisms?

DNA, RNA polymerase, rRNA, tRNA, ncRNA

in TRANSCRIPTION…

• RNA synthesis from a X template

• Carried out by XX

• Produces mRNA, X, Y, Z

Coding, sense; template, antisense; antisense; sense; antisense

Looking at. A gene.s equence…

• The first strand is the DNA x strand, otherwise called the (sense/antisense?)

• The second strand is the DNA y strand, otherwise called the (sense/antisense?)

• Which strand is the mRNA complimentary to?

• Which strand is the mRNA similar to, but instead of a T, has. uracil?

• Which strand runs in the 3’ 5’ direction?

A, U

If the sense strand says T, then:

• Antisense says: (normal pair)

• mRNA says: (has uracil)

5’ and 3’ cap

In eukaryotes, the mrna isnt the mature form yet. It must first have a pre-mRNA before it becomes the mature form, whose hallmark is having the X&Y.

Initiation, elongation, termination

both rna & dna polymerases:

• Involve general steps of X, Y, Z (5-3’ polarity)

• Has polymerization complexes

• Adheres to watson crick base pairs

Primers, RNAP, proofreading, portions

The difference of RNA POLYMERASE is that:

• ni need for X to initiate transcription, bc they have Y that initiate synthesis de novo

• No X (No 2’-5’ exonuclease activity)

• Can transcribe/copy into RNA only X of the genome (DNA = whole)

Pro, mRNA

ID organism

• Has 1 RNAPolymerase that transcribes DNA to all types of RNA

• ribosomes bind to X while being transcribed thus translation can occur simultaneously

Eukaryote

ID organism:

• Has 3 nuclear RNAP

• Mitochondria has its own RNA polymerase to transcribe genes located in its own genome

• Primary transcripts are modified and trimmed to produce mature RNA.

3’ to 5’

Step 1:

DNAtemplatestrandiscopiedinthe X-Y direction.

5′ to 3’

Step 2: Synthesis of the new RNA molecule occurs in the X-Y

direction.

ATP, CTPL GTP, UTP

Step 3:

Precursors include? 🥑 guacamole~

Ester, alpha, 5’

Step 5:

The polymerase forms an X bond between the X-phosphate on the ribose X′-hydroxyl of the nucleotide precursor (nasa baba) & the ribose 3′-hydroxyl at the end of the growing RNA chain.

Polymerization

Step 6:

The cleavage of a high-energy phosphate bond in the nucleotide triphosphate and release of pyrophosphate (from the β- and γ-phosphates) provides the energy for this X reaction.

Hairpin

The secondary structure of rna folds on itself like a ?

DNA template strand

In prokaryotes, hairpin formation can cause RNA polymerase to dissociate from ?

Mrna

What rna is protein coding

DNA, ribosomes, carboxy, 5

mrna:

• Is transcribed from?

• Is translated by x into specific proteins?

• Exhibits amiNo terminal to C-terminus. What does C mean?

• Comprise only X% of total rna

PolyCisTronic, monocistronic

If your mrna:

• carrying information from more than one gene is? (prokaryotes, mitochondria, some viruses, and in chloroplast in plants)

• carrying information from only one gene is? (eukaryotes)

Poly-A tail, 5

Special structural characteristics of eukaryotic mRNA:

• Long sequence of adenine nucleotides aka? On the end of rna

• Cap on the X’ end consisting of a molecule of 7-methyl guanosine, attached through an unusual 5’ - 5’ untranslated region

Poly-A tail

This mrna special structure:

• Req for initiation of protein synthesis after producing mature mrna transcript.

• Maintains intracelllular stability by preventing 3-exoribonuclease attacks

Methyl cap

Prevents attack of 5’ exoribonuclease

Folding, complimentarity, smallest, 15, 3’ terminus

Trna is:

• Adapters for translation of information

• They have a primary structure allowing extensive X and intrastrand Y to generate a cloverleaf struc

• Size-est?

• Make up X%

• Attachment site?

Nucleus and mitochondria

Trna is encoded in the chromosomes of where?

Mrna

The anticodon loop of trna pairs with codon on the X during protein synth

UAC

Mrna to trna:

• AUG =?

45S, 5S, 5S, 5.8S. 18S. 28S

rRNAs:

• SinGle precursor of X except the Y rRNa

• In eukaryotes, they have the 4 nuclear rRNAS?

• and 2 rRNAs (12S & 16S)

• They make up 80% of total rna.

snRNA, U3, U7

• Rna that is involved in rRNA & mRNA processing & gene regulation

• all U’s are involved in intron removal & processing of mrna precursors, EXCEPT?

• The Ux snRNA is involved in prod of correct 3’ ends of histone mRNA

Nucleolus,rRNA; cytoplasm, mRNA; nucleus, tRNA

RNA FORMS : location : MAJOR PD

• RNAP I : x : x

• RNAP II : x : x + microrna

• RNAP III : x : x + noncoding

• congratulations, rmt ka na!

Sigma, no,

PROKARYOTES…

• specialfactor to become a complex / rnap can be recognized

• does it need transcription factors?

-35, -10, a & t, -25

RNAP needs to bind to:

• X upstream

• and TATA box, Y upstream (promoter region)

  • Rich in,? Containing hydrogen bonds kaya easy to melt

  • But in eukaryotes, tata box is located

Introns

What contains non coding sequences? Exons or introns?

Introns

What contains foxed invariant dna control sequences

Promoter proximal elements

High rates of trasncription of genes is credited to

Lac operon

Bacterial operon that responds to favorable amounts og glucose or lactose in yeast cell

-35 sequence, -10

• Initial contact point for closed complex

• Holoenzyme moves and covers the X sequence for initial melting

Elongation, nusa

• What process?

• Sigma subunit is replaced by? To signal dissociation / termination

sinu sha elon….. 🤨😢😔😣

Rho protein, RAT

• specialized helicase that uses energy from ATP to unwind a DNA/RNA hybrid double helix

• Activated by a recognition site called X sequence

ubf1, SL1, cg rich region, T1F1A

Eukaryotic RNAP I:

When it binds to rrna, it requires these to be recognized by the promoter region:

• Upstream binding factor aka

• And selectivity factor

• The promoter region, instead of tata box, is:

• Needs what TF?

Rnap 3, internal promoter, downstream, TF3C

tRNA transcription is:

• Done by what rnap

• Using an?

• Its promoter elements is located up or downstraem?

• Needs what TF? To create tf3b

  • Tf3b contains tbp

Tbp, TFIID, tfiiA, tfiiB, tHiiF

All of this is bc RNAP 2 binds to the promoter region.

Trans factors:

• Binds to tata box, part of TFIID

• recognizes pol II specific promoter

• Binds UPstream of tata

• binds DOWNstream of tata

• Bodyguard, accompanies rnap 2 upon binding to promoter

Nelf, DSIF, p-TEFb

RNAP II can pause by:

• Drb sensitivity inducing factor

RNAP II can continue in the presence of? Positive transcription elongation factor by phosphorylating those inhibitors

Enhancers

can be located upsteeam or downstream

Cobalamin & folic acid

Vitamin deficiency affecting mrna

Hairpin, chain growth

• Important in termination of signal is when the rna forms a?

• Rifampin binds to RNAP to prevent ? Aka elongation.