Exam 1 Study Guide`

• Question 1

  • Normal cells:

    • Has a SMALL, UNIFORM-SHAPED NUCLEI

    • Cells are SIMILAR SHAPED/SIZES

    • Can DEVELOP DIFF FUNCTIONS to help with cell div

    • Distinguishable

  • Cancer Cell

    • DIFFERENT SHAPES, LARGE

      • Different sizes

    • Specific functions are more common compared to different

      • This can result in uncontrolled growth and survival because there isn't different types of functions that can help with a controlled growth

• Question 2

  • When cancer has metastasized it means that the CANCER HAS SPREAD TO DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE BODY

• Question 3

  • Lung cancer

Question 1

• Primary preventative care: when you STOP DISEASES BEFORE IT STARTS (removing things that can cause the problem before you acquire the problem)

  • e.g, getting vaccines, eating healthier, reading articles about health, wearing PPE, etc

Question 2

• Secondary preventative care: when DETECT/SCREEN before the disease escalates

  • By this time, there’s ALREADY AN OSET OF DISEASE, but you’re TRYING TO PREVENT DISEASE ESCALATION

  • e.g, screening for diseases,

    • ANYTHING DEALING WITH SCANS IS SECONDARY

Question 3

1. Secondary

2. Primary

3. Primary

4. Secondary

5. Secondary

6. Secondary

7. Primary

1. Surgery (Local)

2. Radiation (Local)

   • Radiation only AFFECTS CANCER CELLS, not all cells

3. Chemotherapy (Systemic)

   1. AFFECTS ALL CELLS; it can’t differentiate what to not kill

4. Biotherapy

   1. Uses BIO MOLECULES (e.g, antibodies) to STIMULATE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DESTROY CANCER CELLS

5. Complementary therapies

Think: Sugar Rush Crush Bio . Com

• Question 1

  • Palliative surgery: RELIEVING SYMPTOMS OF CANCER to improve quality of life WITHOUT HAVING TO CURE DISEASE

  • Reconstructive surgery: when you RESTORE FORM + FUNCTION OF BODY PART that’s been damaged because of the cancer

    • Usually remove cancer first, then do this

    • Kinda like plastic surgery

  • Salvage treatment/surgery: Treatment after chemo/radiation (that failed initially) to REMOVE LEFTOVER/RECURRENT TUMORS

  • Prophylactic surgery: REMOVES a healthy ORGAN/TISSUE that HASN’T DEVELOPED CANCER (but prone to) to PREVENT METASTASIZING (spreading)

• Question 2

1. Does not

2. All

3. Myelosuppression

• Context: the bone marrow PRODUCES ALL BLOOD CELLS. It FIRST CREATES HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS, which MATURES INTO RBC, WBC, and PLATELETS

  • When a person goes through chemotherapy, it decreases bone marrow cell production, which can lead to myelosuppression

⭐⭐ Explain the following for Neutropenia:

1. What is it? What is the ABNORMAL pathophysiology for this?

2. What are the priority assessments?

3. What are the nursing interventions and types of precautions?

4. What are the NORMAL VALUES for this?

5. What medications should be given?

6. What are the nursing diagnoses?

7. What are some precautions/patient teachings for this?

⭐⭐ Explain the following for Thrombocytopenia:

1. What is it? What is the ABNORMAL pathophysiology for this?

2. What are the priority assessments?

3. What are the nursing interventions and types of precautions?

4. What are the NORMAL VALUES for this?

5. What medications should be given?

6. What are the nursing diagnoses?

7. What are some precautions/patient teachings for this?

⭐⭐ Explain the following for Anemia:

1. What is it? What is the ABNORMAL pathophysiology for this?

2. What are the priority assessments?

3. What are the nursing interventions and types of precautions?

4. What are the NORMAL VALUES for this?

5. What medications should be given?

6. What are the nursing diagnoses?

7. What are some precautions/patient teachings for this?

⭐⭐ Give me the priority assessment, nursing intervention, medications, and patient teaching for the following:

• Nausea/Vomiting

• Diarrhea

• Anorexia

• Mucositis/Stomatitis

⭐⭐ Give me the priority assessment, nursing intervention, medications, and patient teaching for the following:

• Thrush

• Alopecia

• Fatigue

1. Face

2. Chemotherapy

3. Double

4. Yellow bin

What is an external and internal (brachytherapy) radiation therapy?

1. External radiation therapy uses a MACHINE that DELIVERS HIGH-ENERGY BEAMS, TARGETING CANCER CELLS while DECREASING DAMAGE TO SURROUNDING HEALTHY TISSUE

   1. Doesn’t do a lot of damage to healthy tissue

2. Internal radiation therapy uses HIGH DOSE OF RADIATION and PLACING IT NEAR/WITHIN TUMOR to DELIVER TO CANCEROUS AREA

   1. Kills cancer cells with HIGH DOSE OF RADIATION ADDED INSIDE THE BODY through the usage of an implant that directs energy at the tumor

   2. The radiation (either a small implant like seeds, capsules, etc) is delivered through a catheter or application

1. Brachytherapy

2. 30 minutes

3. 6 feet

4. Lead shield

5. cause SKIN (cutaneous) reactions

   1. Wet reaction: peeling skin with blisters and exposed dermis

      1. RN interventions

         1. CLEANSE WITH NORMAL SALINE

         2. APPLY HYDROCOLLOID (or non-adherent) DRESSINGS

         3. MONITOR FOR SIGNS OF INFECTION

      2. Patient teaching

         1. WASH WITH WATER + SOAP

         2. AVOID SCRATCHING/RUBBING

         3. Pat skin dry; DON’T RUB

   2. Dry reaction: peeling skin with FLAKINESS, REDNESS, or ITCHINESS

      1. RN interventions

         1. Manage itching

         2. Avoid applying unapproved creams

      2. Patient teaching

         1. WASH WITH WATER + SOAP

         2. AVOID SCRATCHING/RUBBING

         3. Pat skin dry; DON’T RUB

⭐⭐ Give me the description and post-op precautions/teachings for the following mastectomies:

• Simple/total

• Modified

• Radical

• Simple/total: type of MASTECTOMY (removal of 1 or both breasts) WITHOUT LYMPH NODE DISSECTION

  • for NONINVASIVE CANCER

  • ONLY BREAST TISSUE REMOVED

  • Precautions:

    • AVOID AFFECTED ARM (don’t put ivs, vaccines, or blood pressure readings in the specific arm)

    • APPLY COMPRESSION SLEEVE AND ELEVATE ARM to PREVENT SWELLING

    • NO STRENUOUS ACTIVITIES

    • Expected reactions

      • Numbness

      • Lymph node swelling

• Modified: Mastectomy that REMOVES THE BREAST, SKIN, etc but KEEPS CHEST MUSCLES

• Radical: Mastectomy that REMOVES EVERYTHING ABOUT THE BREAST (EVEN CHEST MUSCLES)

Give me the definition and description for the following reconstructive surgeries:

• Tissue expansion with implant

• Tissue Transfer

  • TRAM Flap

  • DIEP Flap

  • Gluteal Flap

  • Latissimus Dorsi Flap

• Tissue expansion with implant: Use an expander under the skin/muscle after mastectomy and SLOWLY FILL IT WITH SALINE TO STRETCH THE TISSUE, which gets replaced with a breast implant

  • You want to stretch the muscle/skin to ALLOW SLOW EXPANSION OF THE SKIN FOR THE PLACEMENT OF THE PERMANENT BREAST IMPLANT

• Tissue transfer: MOVE SKIN/FAT/MUSCLE from ANOTHER BODY PART TO RECONSTRUCT BREAST

• TRAM flap: Using ABDOMINAL MUSCLES to reconstruct the breast (also includes the fat and skin)

• DIEP flap: Using ONLY ABDOMINAL FAT AND SKIN (EXCLUDES MUSCLES)

• Gluteal flap: Uses BUTT MUSCLES

• Latissimus Dorsi flap: Uses BACK MUSCLES AND SKIN