Metabolism – Chapter 9 (Lecture)

Fill-in-the-Blank flashcards covering key principles of energy and metabolism, glycolysis, fermentation, aerobic respiration, photosynthesis, and chemosynthesis from Chapter 9.

The ability to do work or cause change is called __.

energy

__ energy is the energy of motion.

Kinetic

__ energy is stored energy associated with position.

Potential

The sum total of chemical reactions in an organism is termed __.

metabolism

Reactions that release energy are called __ reactions.

exergonic

Reactions that require an input of energy are called __ reactions.

endergonic

__ is the set of metabolic reactions that break molecules down and release energy.

Catabolism

__ is the set of metabolic reactions that build larger molecules and need energy.

Anabolism

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the __ energy barrier.

activation

In redox chemistry, __ is the loss of electrons.

oxidation

In redox chemistry, __ is the gain of electrons.

reduction

The oxidized form of the key electron carrier is __.

NAD+

The reduced form of the key electron carrier is __.

NADH

Oxidation of NADH to NAD+ yields about __ kcal per mole under standard biological conditions.

52.5

ATP is made of adenine, ribose, and __ phosphate groups.

three

Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases about __ kcal per mole.

7.3

Direct transfer of a phosphate to ADP by an enzyme is called __-level phosphorylation.

substrate

Using an electron transport chain and proton gradient to synthesize ATP is __ phosphorylation.

oxidative

Light-driven formation of a proton gradient for ATP synthesis is called __.

photophosphorylation

The universal pathway that splits glucose is __.

glycolysis

Glycolysis converts one glucose to two __ molecules.

pyruvate

The net energy yield of glycolysis is ATP and NADH per glucose.

2; 2

Continual reduction of NAD+ during glycolysis can cause a shortage unless NAD+ is regenerated by fermentation or __ phosphorylation.

oxidative

The main purpose of fermentation is to regenerate __ so glycolysis can continue.

NAD+

Fermentation does NOT produce additional __.

ATP

Alcoholic fermentation converts pyruvate to __ and CO₂.

ethanol

Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate to __.

lactate (lactic acid)

Complete aerobic oxidation of glucose yields about __ molecules of ATP.

38

Before entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate is oxidized to __-CoA.

acetyl

The enzyme complex that oxidizes pyruvate and produces NADH and CO₂ is __ dehydrogenase.

pyruvate

The citric acid cycle transfers energy to the carriers __ and FADH₂.

NADH

One turn of the citric acid cycle generates ATP by __-level phosphorylation.

substrate

Because glycolysis makes two pyruvates, the citric acid cycle turns __ times per glucose.

two

In the electron transport system, electrons are finally accepted by __ to form water.

oxygen

The ETS creates a __ ion (proton) gradient across the membrane.

hydrogen

The enzyme that uses the proton gradient to make ATP is __ synthase.

ATP

Breakdown of fatty acids by __-oxidation yields acetyl-CoA units.

beta

Amino acids enter energy metabolism by conversion to __ acid cycle intermediates.

citric

The use of microbes to degrade environmental pollutants is called __.

bioremediation

Organisms that switch between fermentation without O₂ and respiration with O₂ exhibit __ metabolism.

mixed

The interconnected nature of anabolic and catabolic pathways is termed __.

amphibolism

Synthesis of glucose from pyruvate is called __.

gluconeogenesis

The overall equation for photosynthesis is 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O → __ + 6 O₂.

C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose)

During light-dependent reactions, water is split to release __ gas.

oxygen

Light-dependent reactions produce ATP and the reduced coenzyme __.

NADPH

NADPH differs from NADH by the presence of an extra __ group.

phosphate

The reaction center chlorophyll of Photosystem II is called __.

P680

The reaction center chlorophyll of Photosystem I is called __.

P700

The cycle that fixes CO₂ into organic molecules is the __ Cycle.

Calvin

Carbon fixation attaches CO₂ to the 5-carbon compound __ using the enzyme RuBPase.

RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate)

ATP and NADPH from the light reactions drive the __-independent reactions.

light

Oxidation of inorganic or organic compounds to obtain energy for anabolism is called __.

chemosynthesis

Bacteria that use organic molecules for both carbon and energy are __; all pathogenic bacteria fall in this category.

chemoheterotrophs

Bacteria that use CO₂ as carbon source and inorganic molecules for energy are __.

chemoautotrophs