BIO 100 UWL Final

Covalent bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Hypothesis

An educated guess, a tentative explanation for a scientific explanation or question

scientific theory

A well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results.

scientific law

a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments

independent variable

what you change

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

control variable

A variable that is kept constant during a controlled experiment.

5 characteristics of life

growth, reproduction, homeostasis, sense and respond to stimuli, ability to obtain and use energy

3 extra characteristics

cells, dna, evolve

Protons

positive charge, found in nucleus

Neutrons

no charge, found in nucleus

Electrons

Negatively charged particles, found outside floating in shells

Protons Change

Different Element

Neutrons Change

isotope

Electrons Change

Ion (+ or -)

1st Shell

2 electrons

2nd Shell and Beyond

8 electrons

Outermost Shell

valence shell

Atomic Number

number of protons

Atomic Mass

Number of protons and neutrons

Charge

protons - neutrons

Ionic Bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, opposites attract

equally shared

non-polar

not equally shared

polar covalent

Hydrogen bonds

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule

Polarity

Molecules having uneven distribution of charges

Macromolecule

large organic molecules that make up living organisms

4 Macromolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Carbohydrate building blocks

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Protein building blocks

amino acids

Lipid building blocks

glycerol and fatty acids

nucleic acids building blocks

nucleotides

Carbohydrate functions

energy storage and structure

protein functions

speed up chemical reactions, move things around cells

lipid functions

supply and store energy

nucleic acid functions

store and transmit genetic information

carbohydrates form

1:2:1, carbon hydrogen, oxygen

proteins form

1 nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

lipids form

a lot of hydrogen, carbon, not much oxygen

nucleic acids form

5 sided sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate group

carbohydrates example

sugars and starches

proteins example

beans, meat

lipids example

fats and oils

nucleic acids example

DNA and RNA

Phospholipids

a type of lipid that forms in the membrane

integral proteins

protein found in the membrane 54-55

prokaryotic cell

cells that lack internal membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic cell

cells that contain membrane bound organelles, including a central nucleus

difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

prokaryote lack organelles, eukaryote has organelles

Hypotonic

less, lower outside cell

Hypertonic

more, higher outside the cell

isotonic

same, equal concentration

simple diffusion

small hydrophobic molecules, from high concentration to low concentration, does NOT require an input of energy

facilitated diffusion

large hydrophillic solutes high to low concentration with the help of transfer proteins. does NOT require an input of energy

active transport

solutes are pumped from lower concentration to higher concentration with help from transfer proteins. requires energy

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

mitochondria

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

mitochondria

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

mitochondria

What does glycolysis produce?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

What does pyruvate oxidation produce?

2 Co2, 2 NADH, 2 Acolyl-coA

What does the Krebs cycle produce?

6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP, 4 CO2

What does glycolysis need?

glucose

What does pyruvate oxidation need?

pyruvate

What does the Krebs cycle need?

2 Acetyl-coA

Cohesion

water molecules sticking to other water molecules through hydrogen bonding

Adehsion

water molecules sticking to other surfaces through hydrogen bonding

Water's polarity

polar, uneven distribution of electrons

pH scale

A range of values used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

pH scale acid

higher, closer to 0

pH scale base

lower, closer to 14

what does carbon and glucose eventually become?

carbon Dioxide

Solute

Substance being dissolved

Solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

Overall equation for cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

alcoholic fermentation

anaerobic process in which cells convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

oxidative phosphorylation

electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

electron transport chain

1. NADH gets drops off at electrons at 1

2. FADH2 drops off at 2

3.Energy allows Hydrogen to go up gradient

4. Oxygen comes is produced

Chemiosmosis

comes from the high gradient, goes through ATP synthase, makes ATP

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

Fermentation

make energy when oxygen isn't present, recycle NADH back to NAD+

what role does NAD+ play in fermentation

recycled at the end, allows glycolysis to continue

what role does NADH play in fermentation

provide energy to breakdown pyruvtae into alcohol and carbon dioxide

ATP output from fermentation

2 ATP

ATP output from aerobic respiration

38 ATP

2 major branch points in cellular respiration

Pyruvate and Acetyl Co-A

Pyruvate

3C Fermentation -> Lactic Acid

Acetyl Co-A

2C, fat storage, can be broken down into more Acetyl Co-A if there is enough oxygen

Parts of a nucleotide

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

4 nitrogen bases

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

How do the parts of a nucleotide come together to become a nucleic acid

phosphate always gets added at number 3

What is the importance of complimentary base pairing with regards to DNA replication

A goes with T, C goes with G, it ensures you replicate without an error very easily

semi-conservative replication

one chromatid is from the original strand and the other sister chromatid is the copied DNA strand

role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication

connects the bonds

Role of helicase in DNA replication

breaks the bonds

RNA Polymerase

builds RNA

DNA Polymerase

builds DNA

What is the role of RNA polymerase in the transcription process

an enzyme that is responsible for copying a DNA sequence into and RNA sequence