Anatomy and Physiology Fall Semester Exam Review

Superior

Higher or above

Inferior

Lower or below

Anterior

Front of body

Posterior

lower or bellow (back)

Medial

Closer to midline of the body

Lateral

Farther from the midline

Proximal

Closer to point of attatchment

Distal

Farther from point of attachment

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body

Deep

Farther from the surface of the body

Order from least to most complex

Chemical → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

How organization levels work together to perform a task (nervous system)

Neurons form nervous tissue, which make sup organs like brain and spinal cord. These organs work together in the nervous system to help the organism respond to stimuli.

Homeostasis

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment, vital for normal function.

The process shown in the diagram is ___

Homeostasis

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Reduces of counteracts a change in the body, promoting stability and maintaining homeostasis such as temperature regulation

Positive feedback mechanism

Amplifies or increases a change, driving process to completion; such as during childbirth

Which type of feedback mechanism is most commonly used to maintain homeostasis

Negative feedback

Function and Organ(s) of: Simple Squamous Epithelium

Facilitates diffusion & filtration- found in air sacks of lungs, lining of blood vessels, & kidneys

Function and Organ(s) of: Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Protects underlying tissues from abrasion- found in skin, mouth, & esophagus

Function and Organ(s) of: Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Involved in secretion & absorption- found in kidney tubules and glandular ducts

Function and Organ(s) of: Simple Columnar Epithelium

Absorbs nutrients & Secrets mucus- found in lining of stomach & intestines

Function and Organ(s) of: Pseudo-stratified Ciliated Epithelium

Moves mucus and debris- found in respiratory tract

Function and Organ(s) of: Hyaline Cartilage

Provides support & flexibility- found in nose, trachea, & ends of long bones

Function and Organ(s) of: Bone (Osseous Tissue)

Supports the body, protects organs, and stores minerals- found in skeleton

Function and Organ(s) of: Adipose Tissue

Stores energy, insulates, & cushions organs- found beneath the skin & around the organs

Function and Organ(s) of: Blood

Transports gases, nutrients, and waste- found in blood vessels

Function and Organ(s) of: Cardiac Muscle

Contracts to pump blood through the heart- found in the heart

Function and Organ(s) of: Smooth Muscle

Moves substances through hollow organs & structures- found in walls of intestines, blood vessels, & the bladder

Function and Organ(s) of: Skeletal Muscle

Enables voluntary movement of the body- found attached to the bones

Function and Organ(s) of: Neurons

TRansmits electrical impulses for communication within the body- found i brain, spinal cord, & peripheral nerves

What is the major function of: Epithelial

Protects body surfaces, absorbs substances, secretes fluids, and facilitates diffusion

What is the major function of: Connective

Supports, connects, & protects organs & tissues, providing structure and flexibility

What is the major function of: Muscular

Enables movement through contraction, either voluntary or involuntary

What is the major function of: Nervous

Transmits electrical signals for communication between the brain, spinal cord, & rest of the body

Define Hemostasis and list stages

Process that prevents & stops bleeding, ensuring blood remains within the blood vessel stages: vascular spasm, platelet-plug formation, and consultation

Which integumentary structure is a vestigial feature which allows the hair to stand erect and produces goosebumps?

Arrector Pili Muscle

Label the skin diagram letter A

Hair Shaft

Label the skin diagram letter M

Pore of sweat gland duct

Label the skin diagram letter B

Arrector Pili Muscle

Label the skin diagram letter G

Adipose Tissue

Label the skin diagram letter H

Pacinian Corpusde

Label the skin diagram letter C

Hair Folicle

Label the skin diagram letter K

Dermis

Label the skin diagram letter L

Epidermis

Label the skin diagram letter D

Sebaceous (oil) gland

Label the skin diagram letter I

Eccrine Sweat Gland

Label the skin diagram letter J

Hypodermis

Label the skin diagram letter e

Hair Root

Label the skin diagram letter F

Hair Folicle Receptor

List 3-5 factors that can influence skin color

Melanin, Genetics, UV exposure, blood flow, & health conditions

Describe the Epidermis tissue

Composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue, primarily keratinocytes, providing protective outer layers

Describe the tissues in the dermis

Dense irregular connective tissue, with collagen, elastic fiber, blood vessels, nerves, & glands for support and nourishment

Describe the tissues in the hypodermis

Loose connective tissue & adipose tissue, providing insulation, cushioning, and energy storage

Describe the skin cancer: Basal Cell Carcinoma

Least aggressive skin cancer, pearly flesh-colored caused by sun exposure

Describe the skin cancer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma

More aggressive, scaly, red pattern, non-healing sore linked to UV damage

Describe the skin cancer: Malignant Melanoma

Most dangerous, irregular darkly pigmented moles that can spread rapidly

Describe this type of burn and its consequences: 1st Degree

Only epidermis, causes redness and pain- consequences are only redness

Describe this type of burn and its consequences: 2nd Degree

Extends to dermis, blistering & severe pain- may leave scars; consequences are scarring

Describe this type of burn and its consequences: 3rd Degree

Destroys all layers of skin- painless form nerve damage; consequences include risk of infection and deep scarring

List and describe 6 functions of skeletal system

Support: framework for body, Protection: Shield vital organs, Movement: works with muscles to facilitate body movement, Mineral storage: stores minerals, Blood Cell Production: provides blood cells in brown marrow, Fat Storage: Store energy

Describe the role of parathyroid hormone

Increases blood calcium by stimulating bone breakdown

Describe osteoclasts

Break down bone tissue for remodeling and calcium release

Describe calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium by promoting calcium storage in bones

Describe osteoblasts

Build new bone tissue for growth & repair

What is B?

Diaphysis

What is D?

Medular Cavity

What is E?

Epiphyseal Line

What is G?

Articular Cartilage

What is F?

Spongy Bone

What is a?

Proximal Epiphysis

What is C?

Distal Epiphysis

What is the part under the endosteum?

Compact Bone

What is the thin outer lining of the bone?

Periosteum

What is b?

Cranium

What is I?

Femur

What is M?

Tarsals

What is K?

Tibula

What is L?

Fibula

What is J?

Patella

What is H?

Pelvis

What is A?

Thoracic Vertebrae

What is N?

Ribs

What is D?

Sternum

What is e?

Humerus

What is C?

Scapula

What is F?

Ulna

What is G?

Radius

What is the yellow circle?

Plane Joints

What is the red circle?

Hinge Joint

What is the pink circle?

Atlantoaxial Joint

What is green circle?

Ball & Socket Joint

What is purple circle?

Hinge Joint (inferior)

Define a simple fracture

Bone breaks but doesn’t pierce the skin

Define Compound Fracture

Bone Breaks & pierces through the skin

Define Comminuted Fracture

Bone shatters into multiple pieces

Define Greenstick fracture

Bone bends & cracks, often seen in children to more flexible bones

Define Spiral Fracture

Bone twisted apart due to rotational force

Define Transverse Fracture

Bone breaks straight across, typically at a right angle to the bones axis

Define Scoliosis

Abnormal Lateral curvature of the spine, often forming a “s” or “c” shape

Define Lordosis

Excessive inward curvature of the lower back, often causing a “swayed appearance”