Metabolism, Nutrition, and Thermoregulation Review

Flashcards covering metabolism, cellular respiration, nutritional molecules, vitamins, minerals, mechanisms of heat transfer, and thermoregulation based on the lecture notes.

How is nutrition defined in the lecture notes?

Foods we eat and the nutrients they contain.

What is the definition of metabolism?

How the body uses nutrients.

How do catabolism and anabolism differ in function?

Catabolism is how the body supplies itself with energy by breaking down complex compounds into simpler compounds. Anabolism builds up body tissues and energy stores by building simple compounds into needed substances.

What is cellular respiration, and what is its chemical equation according to the notes?

Cellular respiration is the catabolism of nutrients to generate energy ($\text{ATP}$). Its chemical equation is $\text{glucose} + \text{O}_2 = \text{CO}_2 + \text{water} + \text{heat}$.

What are the location, ATP yield, and end product of the anaerobic phase of glucose catabolism (glycolysis)?

Location: cytoplasm; Yield: $2\text{ ATP}$ per glucose molecule; End product: pyruvic acid.

What are the location, ATP yield, and end products of the aerobic phase of glucose catabolism?

Location: mitochondria; Yield: $30\text{ ATP}$ per glucose molecule; End products: $\text{CO}_2$ and $\text{H}_2\text{O}$.

What is the definition of oxidation?

The chemical breakdown of nutrients for energy, usually using oxygen.

What are the functional differences between aerobic and anaerobic glucose catabolism?

Aerobic catabolism occurs when oxygen is present, produces more ATP, and powers longer, steady activities. Anaerobic catabolism occurs when oxygen is not available, produces less ATP, and results in lactic acid buildup.

What is metabolic rate, and what does a resting body use energy for?

Metabolic rate is how fast or slow the body uses energy. At rest, the body only uses energy for survival (such as the heart).

How is glucose stored as glycogen in the body, and how do muscle and liver glycogen differ in usage?

Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Muscle glycogen is used only by muscle cells, whereas glucose from liver glycogen is released into the blood. Excess glucose is converted to fat and stored.

What does the glycemic effect measure?

It measures how fast food increases blood sugar.

How do monosaccharides and polysaccharides differ in energy delivery?

Monosaccharides are simple sugars that provide quick energy. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that provide slow and sustained energy.

Which cells use fats for energy, where are excess calories stored, and how do saturated and unsaturated fats compare?

Fats are used for energy by most cells, except the brain. Excess calories are stored in the liver and adipose tissue. Saturated fats come mostly from animal sources and are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are derived from plants and are liquid at room temperature.

What is the difference between essential and nonessential amino acids, and which specific essential amino acids are listed in the notes?

Essential amino acids must come from food (most animal proteins supply all essential amino acids and are complete), whereas nonessential amino acids can be synthesized by the body without food intake. The essential amino acids listed are Isoleucine, Lysine, methionine, and tryptophan.

What roles do minerals play in the body, and which specific minerals serve as the main extracellular and intracellular ions?

Minerals are chemical elements necessary for body structure, fluid balance, muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, and blood clotting. Sodium is the major extracellular ion, and Potassium is the major intracellular ion.

Which major minerals are explicitly listed in the notes?

Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Sulfur, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorous, and Iron.

Which vitamins are water-soluble and which are fat-soluble?

Water-soluble vitamins are B and C. Fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K.

What are the specific functions associated with each vitamin mentioned in the text?

Vitamin B: nerve function and production of cells; Vitamin K: blood clotting factors; Folate/folic acid: maturation of RBCs; Vitamin A: maintains healthy vision; Vitamin C: supports immune system, collagen synthesis, and iron absorption; Vitamin D: calcium absorption and bone health; Vitamin E: protects cells from oxidative damage.

What are the four mechanisms of heat loss described in the notes?

Radiation: heat travels from its source; Convection: heat transfers by movement of a cooler object (e.g., fan); Evaporation: heat is lost from liquid to vapor/gas (e.g., sweat); Conduction: warm object transfers heat to a cooler object (e.g., ice pack on a hot head).

What sources contribute to environmental and metabolic heat gain?

Environmental heat gain comes from radiation from the sun and conduction from a warmer surface. Metabolic heat gain is a by-product of ATP synthesis and is increased by exercise/shivering, food intake, thyroid hormone, and epinephrine.

What is the integrating center for temperature regulation, and what are the specific bodily responses to cold and hot conditions?

The integrating center for heat regulation is the hypothalamus. Responses to cold are vasoconstriction, shivering, and behavioral responses. Responses to hot are vasodilation and sweating.

How does blood flow in the skin change during hot conditions and why?

Blood flow in the skin is increased in hot conditions due to vasodilation, which is the widening of arteries.