Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Staining

Harris hematoxylin is used on tissue sections to stain:

a) fat

b) glycogen

c) nuclei

d) cytoplasm

c) nuclei

Ripening of hematoxylin is a process of:

a) hydrolysis

b) oxidation

c) mordanting

d) reduction

b) oxidation

The active staining ingredient in ripened hematoxylin solutions is:

a) hematein

b) hematin

c) hematoxylin

d) hemosiderin

a) hematein

The most important step in regressive hematoxylin staining is:

a) postmordanting in picric acid

b) use of hematoxylin containing acetic acid

c) differentiation in acid-alcohol

d) washing in water after the hematoxylin

c) differentiation in acid-alcohol

Hematein is formed in Mayer hematoxylin solution by the addition of:

a) mercuric oxide

b) potassium permanganate

c) exposure to air

d) sodium iodate

d) sodium iodate

Mordants are used to:

a) change the refractive index of the tissue

b) link tissue constituents more closely to the dye

c) help differentiate stains

d) oxidize staining solutions

b) link tissue constituents more closely to the dye

During H&E staining, if amnonia is incompletely removed by washing, the result may be:

a) fading of hematoxylin

b) poor staining with eosin

c) understained nuclei

d) hazy appearance of finished section

b) poor staining with eosin

The combination of a dye and a mordant is called a/an:

a) base

b) accelerator

c) lake

d) buffer

c) lake

Mercuric oxide (or sodium iodate) is used in Harris hematoxylin to:

a) form hematein

b) prevent oxidation

c) serve as the mordant

d) stabilize the solution

a) form hematein

DNA can be demonstrated with:

a) eosin

b) pyronin

c) the Feulgen reaction

d) fast green

c) the Feulgen reaction

All of the following are aluminum hematoxylins EXCEPT:

a) Delafield

b) Harris

c) Mayer

d) Weigert

d) Weigert

Which of the following hematoxylins is not readily decolorized with acidic solutions:

a) Harris

b) Delafield

c) Wiegert

d) Verhoff

c) Wiegert

Natural resins are rarely used for mounting sections today because they:

a) are inherently acidic

b) dry too fast

c) must be dissolved in toluene

d) evaporate from under the coverslip

a) are inherently acidic

Which of the following stains requires mounting with aqueous mounting media:

a) Fite

b) Oil red O

c) Grocott

d) H&E

b) Oil red O

The mordant in Weigert hematoxylin is:

a) iron

b) aluminum

c) mercury

d) tungsten

a) iron

Acetic acid is added to Harris hmatoxylin to:

a) keep heterochromatin from staining

b) make nuclear staining more specific

c) ripen the hematoxylin

d) form a dye lake

b) make nuclear staining more specific

A dye that may be substituted for hematoxylin in routine staining is:

a) phloxine

b) methylene blue

c) carmine

d) celestine blue

d) celestine blue

Which of the following is a good example of a polychrome stain:

a) alcian blue

b) Congo red

c) Giemsa

d) Kinyoun

c) Giemsa

Which of the following is stained rose by the methyl green-pyronin (MGP) technique:

a) heterochromatin

b) deoxyribonucleic acid

c) ribonucleic acid

d) Golgi apparatus

c) ribonucleic acid

The chemical group in dyes that confers the property of color is called a/an:

a) chromogen

b) chromophore

c) auxochrome

d) mordant

b) chromophore

An auxochrome is a/an:

a) ionizing group present in dyes

b) dye group conferring color

c) negatively charged protein

d) modant-dye combination

a) ionizing group present in dyes

Which of the following is formed when hematoxylin is subjected to the action f sodium iodate:

a) a dye lake

b) hematein

c) hematin

d) a polychrome

b) hematein

Heterochromatin is stained by:

a) hematoxylin

b) eosin

c) pyronin

d) light green

a) hematoxlyin

Which of the following techniques is an example of dye absorption:

a) H&E

b) methyl green-pyronin

c) Feulgen

d) Oil red O

d) Oil red O

Most cytoplasmic proteins are:

a) basophilic

b) acidophilic

c) polychromatic

d) anionic

b) acidophilic

Differentiating in the H&E stain is an example of using:

a) excess mordant

b) a weak acid

c) oxidizers

d) buffers

b) a weak acid

A tissue component that takes up a cationic dye is said to be:

a) basophilic

b) acidophilic

c) chromphoric

d) absorbent

a) basophilic

Into which of the following dye categories does eosin fall:

a) polychromatic

b) cationic

c) anionic

d) amphoteric

c) anionic

For the best cytoplasmic staining, the pH of the eosin should be between:

a) 3.0 to 4.0

b) 4.6 to 5.0

c) 5.6 to 6.5

d) 7.0 to 8.0

b) 4.6 to 5.0

Ethylene glycol functions in Gill hematoxylin solutions to:

a) oxidize the hematoxylin

b) mordant the solution

c) increase the acidity

d) prevent a surface scum

d) prevent a surface scum

Which of the following hematoxylin solutions will stain the mucin in goblet cells:

a) Gill

b) Mayer

c) Harris

d) Weigert

a) Gill

The Feulgen reaction demonstrates:

a) DNA only

b) RNA only

c) both DNA and RNA

d) phosphoric acid groups

a) DNA only

The Feulgen reaction is unsatisfactory on tissue fixed in:

a) neutral-buffered formalin

b) Zenker solution

c) B-5 solution

d) Bouin solution

d) Bouin solution

Romanowsky-type stains are combinations of:

a) one acid and one basic dye

b) two neutral dyes

c) two basic dyes

d) two acid dyes

a) one acid and one basic dye

Nuclear staining is made ore selective by adding which of the following to hematoxylin solutions:

a) sodium citrate

b) chloral hydrate

c) ethylene glycol

d) acetic acid

d) acetic acid

Hematoxylin is converted to a dye lake in the Mayer formula by adding which of the following to the solution:

a) sodium iodate

b) citric acid

c) ammonium aluminum sulfate

d) chloral hydrate

c) ammonium aluminum sulfate

A large quantity of Delafield hematoxylin stock solution must be maintained because of:

a) slow hematein formation

b) the nature of the mordant

c) rapid dye depletion

d) rapid overoxidation

a) slow hematein formation

To link hematoxylin to tissue DNA, which of the following must be added:

a) acid

b) oxidizer

c) stabilizer

d) mordant

d) mordant

Hematoxylin is an effective stain when it:

a) can only be used progressively

b) contains chromophoric groupings

c) influences the isoelectric point of proteins

d) is polychromed

b) contains chrompohoric groupings

Romanowsky-type stains are usually preferred for the demonstration of:

a) erythrocytes

b) platelets

c) leukocytes

d) histiocytes

c) leukocytes

For the most transparency and clarity when viewing well-stained microscopic sections, the refractive index of the mounting medium should be:

a) above that of the tissue

b) near that of the tissue

c) below that of the tissue

d) near that of air

b) near that of the tissue

Synthetic resins are preferred over natural resins because the synthetic resins:

a) dry more slowly, preventing cracking of the resin

b) indicate age of preparations by turning yellow

c) preserve the intensity of the stains with time

d) have a slight acidity when dissolved in xylene

c) preserve the intensity of the stains with time

Aqueous mounting media have an index of refraction that is:

a) significantly below that of the tissue

b) near that of the tissue

c) significantly above that of the tissue

d) near that of the hydrocarbons

a) significantly below that of the tissue

A decrease in section transparency can be caused by using:

a) xylene as the solvent for the mounting media

b) mounting medium with a refractive index of 1.51 to 1.55

c) mounting medium that has become too thick

d) number 1 coverslips for mounting sections

c) mounting medium that has become too thick

Fixation with neutral-buffered formalin will cause tissue cytoplasm to:

a) take up more hematoxylin

b) take up more eosin

c) be more difficult to blue

d) resist acid decolorization

a) take up more hematoxylin

If the pH of the staining solution is between 4.6 and 5.0, eosin combines with which of the following chemical group:

a) COO-

b) NH3+

c) PO3-

d) N=N

b) NH3+

Which of the following can be added to an aqueous mounting medium to prevent bleeding of aniline dyes into the surrounding medium:

a) cane sugar

b) Canada balsam

c) glycerine

d) gelatin

a) cane sugar

The Geimsa stain is most satisfactory if the pH is between:

a) 5.6 and 6.0

b) 6.0 and 6.4

c) 6.4 and 6.9

d) 7.0 and 7.5

c) 6.4 and 6.9

Which of the following hematoxylin solutions must be used within a few days after preparation:

a) Harris

b) Delafield

c) Gill

d) Weigert

d) Weigert

An organelle that causes the cytoplasm to show increased basophilia is the:

a) rough ER

b) Golgi apparatus

c) mitochondrion

d) lysosome

a) rough ER

T/F - Basic dyes have a negative charge

False acidic

T/F - Oxidizers are sometimes used for differentiation

True

T/F - Eosin is differentiated by the dehydrating alcohols

True

T/F - An increase or decrease in the pH of the staining solution can alter staining by changing tissue and/or dye charges

True

T/F - Staining is influenced by the fixative used

True

T/F - Ferric chloride is both a mordant and oxidizer

True

T/F - Delafield hematoxylin is an iron hematoxylin

False aluminum

T/F - An increase in temperature usually increases the rate of staining

True

T/F - Frozen sections can be stained with thionin

True

T/F - Resinous mounting media have an index of refraction much lower than that of the tissue

False aqueous

T/F - Resinous mounting media are usually dissolved in toluene or xylene

True

T/F - "The more, the better" is a good practice for applying mounting medium

False

T/F - The nucleolous of plasma cells is stained green with the methyl green-pyronin technique

False goblet cells are green

T/F - Bouin solution is a good fixative for tissue to be stained with the Feulgen reaction

False it's not

Most frequently used as a progressive stain:

a) Mayer hematoxylin

b) Harris hematoxylin

c) both

d) neither

a) Mayer hematoxylin

Preferred for immunohistochemical stains:

a) Mayer hematoxylin

b) Harris hematoxylin

c) both

d) neither

a) Mayer hematoxylin

Contains aluminum ammonium sulfate:

a) Mayer hematoxylin

b) Harris hematoxylin

c) both

d) neither

c) both

Hematein was traditionally formed by mercuric oxide:

a) Mayer hematoxylin

b) Harris hematoxylin

c) both

d) neither

b) Harris hematoxylin

The pH is adjusted by the addition of citric acid:

a) Mayer hematoxylin

b) Harris hematoxylin

c) both

d) neither

a) Mayer hematoxylin

Yellows as the preparations age:

a) Synthetic resin

b) Natural resin

c) both

d) neither

b) Natural resin

Causes fading of stains with prolonged storage:

a) Synthetic resin

b) Natural resin

c) both

d) neither

b) Natural resin

Dries and becomes nonsticky very quickly:

a) Synthetic resin

b) Natural resin

c) both

d) neither

a) Synthetic resin

Usually dissolves in water:

a) Synthetic resin

b) Natural resin

c) both

d) neither

d) neither

Causes gradual fading of Romanowsky stains:

a) Synthetic resin

b) Natural resin

c) both

d) neither

c) Both

Demonstrates DNA:

a) Feulgen

b) Methyl green-pyronin

c) both

d) neither

c) both

Demonstrates RNA:

a) Feulgen

b) Methyl green-pyronin

c) both

d) neither

b) methyl green-pyronin

Demonstrates rough endoplasmic reticulum:

a) Feulgen

b) Methyl green-pyronin

c) both

d) neither

b) methyl green-pyronin

Time of hydrolysis is critical:

a) Feulgen

b) Methyl green-pyronin

c) both

d) neither

a) Feulgen

Stains plasma cell cytoplasm red:

a) Feulgen

b) Methyl green-pyronin

c) both

d) neither

b) methyl green-pyronin

Used in the preparation of Weigert hematoxylin:

a) Sodium iodate

b) aluminum ammonium sulfate

c) both

d) neither

d) neither

Changes hematoxylin to hematein:

a) Sodium iodate

b) Aluminum ammonium sulfate

c) both

d) neither

a) sodium iodate

Acts as a mordant in hematoxylin solutions:

a) Sodium iodate

b) Aluminum ammonium sulfate

c) both

d) neither

b) aluminum ammonium sulfate

Used in the preparation of Mayer hematoxylin:

a) Sodium iodate

b) Aluminum ammonium sulfate

c) both

d) neither

c) both

Used to adjust the pH of the hematoxylin:

a) Sodium iodate

b) Aluminum ammonium sulfate

c) both

d) neither

d) neither

Serves as a mordant in hematoxylin solutions:

a) Aluminum ammonium sulfate

b) Ferric chloride

c) both

d) neither

c) both

Ripens hematoxylin solutions:

a) Aluminum ammonium sulfate

b) Ferric chloride

c) both

d) neither

b) ferric chloride

Used in the preparation of Weigert hematoxylin:

a) Aluminum ammonium sulfate

b) Ferric chloride

c) both

d) neither

b) Ferric chloride

Used in the preparation of Harris hematoxylin:

a) Aluminum ammonium sulfate

b) Ferric chloride

c) both

d) neither

a) aluminum ammonium sulfate

Hematoxylin solutions are usually stable:

a) Aluminum ammonium sulfate

b) Ferric chloride

c) both

d) neither

a) aluminum ammonium sulfate

May be formed by the action of formaldehyde:

a) hematein

b) hematin

c) both

d) neither

b) hematin

May be formed by the action of air and light:

a) hematein

b) hematin

c) both

d) neither

a) hematein

More common in bloody tissues:

a) hematein

b) hematin

c) both

d) neither

b) hematin

Is an artifact:

a) hematein

b) hematin

c) both

d) neither

b) hematin

Is formed by combining with aluminum:

a) hematein

b) hematin

c) both

d) neither

d) neither

Microscopic examination of an H&E stained section shows nuclei with well-defined chromatin patterns, crisp nuclear membranes, and very pale pink staining of the cytoplasm and erythrocytes. These results indicate:

a) overdifferentiation with acid alcohol

b) the use of overripened hematoxylin

c) a probably pH problem with the eosin

d) the proper staining of an H&E

c) a probably pH problem with the eosin

An H&E stained section shows reddish-brown stained nuclei, pink cytoplasm, and bright rose red erythrocytes. These results indicate:

a) overtreatment with ammonia water

b) the use of overripened hematoxylin

c) a probably pH problem with the eosin

d) overtreatment with ammonium hydroxide

b) the use of overripened hematoxylin

H&E stained sections show very uneven staining, with some areas of the slide well stained and other areas unstained. These results indicate that most likely the:

a) staining solutions were too dilute

b) sections were cut too thin

c) paraffin was not completely removed

d) sections were overfixed

c) paraffin was not completely removed

While staining a rack of sections, it is noted that the water following the rehydrating alcohols turns very cloudy. This can most likely be corrected by:

a) drying subsequent slides more thoroughly

b) changing the deparaffinizing reagent

c) changing the alcohols

d) changing the water

c) changing the alcohols

H&E stained sections reveal brown pigment-like stippling and rare glossy black nuclei. This most likely has been caused by a mounting medium that:

a) is dissolved in xylene

b) has become too thick

c) has been thinned too much

d) was applied after letting the slide dry

d) was applied after letting the slide dry

H&E stained sections of small intestine reveal muscle, collagen, and red blood cells all stained the same shade of pink. This indicates:

a) that the stain is correct

b) poor differentiation of the eosin

c) inadequate blueing before the eosin

d) that the slides were left in xylene too long

b) poor differentiation of the eosin