FoME Anatomy Final

hypertrophy

A cross section of hearts common seen in our dissections. Compare to the left normal heart, name the pathologic process results in the thickening of the left ventricle wall.

Increase in cell number and size

Smooth muscle in the main component of the uterine wall. Uterus on the left is during pregnancy and normal is on the right. Which is the best description of the enlargement of the left one?

oxygen poor, nutrition rich

Which of the following best describes components of blood carried in the pulmonary arteries

oxygen poor, nutrition rich

Which of the following best describes components of the blood carried in the hepatic portal vein?

Limbs

Valves in the vein can prevent back flow of blood. Which of the following is the best location to visualize?

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Pulmonary embolism, especially main pulmonary arteries, can result in sudden death. What is the most common source of venous emboli?

arteriovenous shunts

In skin, blood flow can be varied according to the external temperature by

Convey blood from the heart to system

In this image, the elastic fibers are stained black. which of the following best describes this type of vessel?

easy movement of blood cells across the endothelium

The sinusoidal capillary shown is specialized for?

cancer cells

fluid

macromolecules

macrophages

Which of the following can be moved from the interstitial space to lymph nodes through lymphoid vessels?

abdominal aorta

What is the most frequent site to see severe atherosclerosis?

congestive heart failure

lymphatic obstruction

venous obstruction

What could be the most likely cause(s) of the problem seen in this leg?

gray matter

Caudate nucleus is a

oligodendrocytes

Myelin sheath in the CNS is made by

loss of Schwann cells

Which of the following is true regarding Guillain-Barre Syndrome

oligodendrocyte

Name the type of cell indicated by the blue arrow

Carry motor information from the CNS to muscle

What is the function of the efferent nerve fibers?

left hemisphere

Language is usually controlled by

inability to speak

Which of the following is false, when Wernicke area is affected by stroke?

both motor and sensory

Anterior ramus, as shown in the image, consist of

medulla

Mechanosensory information from the right side of the spinal cord to the cortex cross at

medulla

Movement commands from the left side of the cortex to the spinal cord cross at

Sacral cord

Which of the following involve parasympathetic regulation?

occipital lobe

Primary visual cortex is in

Purkinje fiber

Motor function of the heart is innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Name the structure labeled in purple.

Great saphenous vein

What vessel is most commonly used for coronary triple bypass grafts?

Normal venous pressure

Which of the following is false? Rupture of a severe myocardial infarction could result in

Left ventricle

This old infarct is located in

Left coronary artery

Name the coronary artery indicated by the blue arrow

Hilar nodes

Which of the following lymph nodes are likely to find tumor cells when a malignant lung cancer metastasized?

Septa destroyed through inflammation

Emphysema is highly associated to smoking. The enlarged openings in the lung are mainly due to

Pore of Kohn

Name the structure indicated by the blue arrows

Macrophage

This is a lung section from a patient lived in a heavily polluted area. Which of the following cell types accumulated the black pigments?

Artery

Pulmonary bronchiole is always located close to

Between parietal and visceral layers of pleura

This image shows a patient with tension pneumothorax. The air is trapped in

Subendocardium

Which of the following area is most vulnerable to ischemia during hypertension?

Which peritoneal layer is somatic and produces sharp, well-localized pain?

Parietal peritoneum

Which peritoneal layer wraps around the organs and is innervated by autonomic afferents?

Visceral peritoneum

Name the anatomical landmark used to divide the abdomen into four quadrants.

The umbilicus (intersection of the sagittal and transumbilical planes)

In the nine-region system, what two sets of planes are used to divide the abdomen?

Midclavicular lines and the subcostal/intertubercular planes

Name the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes.

Esophageal hiatus

This type of hiatal hernia accounts for >95% of cases and appears like a bell on imaging.

Sliding (axial) hiatal hernia

This rarer type of hiatal hernia involves the gastric fundus herniating alongside — not in line with — the esophagus.

Paraesophageal (nonaxial) hernia

Name the epithelium type lining the esophagus.

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Name the epithelium type lining the stomach.

Simple columnar (glandular) epithelium

What is the histologic name for the sharp transition between esophageal and gastric epithelium?

Z-line (squamocolumnar junction)

Chronic GERD causes inflammation of the esophageal mucosa and epithelial metaplasia of the lower esophagus — what is this clinical finding called?

Barrett's esophagus

Name the four parts of the duodenum in order.

Superior (1st), descending (2nd), horizontal/inferior (3rd), ascending (4th)

Where do the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct join and empty into the duodenum?

the major duodenal papilla (of Vater)

What structure suspends the duodenojejunal flexure?

suspensory muscle of duodenum (ligament of Treitz)

What is the single most common site of peptic ulcers?

First part of the duodenum (duodenal bulb/cap)

Name the two most serious complications of peptic ulcer disease.

Perforation and hemorrhage

Erosions differ from true ulcers in that they only affect this layer.

The superficial epithelium (they do not cross the muscularis mucosae)

On barium imaging, segment A of small bowel shows a “feathery” pattern from extensive mucosal folds

Jejunum

On barium imaging, segment B of small bowel appears fully filled due to fewer mucosal folds.

Ileum

Name the aggregated lymphoid nodules found in the ileum.

Peyer's patches

Name the three structures found only in the large intestine (not the small intestine) that help distinguish it grossly.

Teniae coli, haustra, and omental appendices

What are the three teniae coli bands called?

Free tenia, omental tenia, and mesocolic tenia

Name the flexure between the ascending and transverse colon.

Right colic (hepatic) flexure

Name the flexure between the transverse and descending colon.

Left colic (splenic) flexure

What is the most common positional variant of the appendix?

Retrocecal (~65%)

What anatomical junction is the most constant landmark for locating the appendix, regardless of its positional variant?

The cecum–appendix junction

Where is McBurney's point located?

1/3 of the way from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (or 2/3 from the umbilicus)

Name the three unpaired arterial trunks supplying the abdominal GI tract, from proximal to distal.

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)

Which artery supplies the embryologic midgut (distal duodenum through the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon)?

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)

Nearly all venous blood from the GI tract drains first into this vessel before reaching the systemic circulation.

Hepatic portal vein

Name the two veins that combine to form the portal vein.

Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

This part of the colon is the most common site of diverticulosis.

Sigmoid colon

Diverticulosis is a herniation of which two layers through the muscular wall?

Mucosa and submucosa

Colorectal cancer most commonly metastasizes to the liver via which route?

Portal venous tributaries

Which two rectal veins are the exception to portal drainage, bypassing the liver directly into the systemic circulation?

Inferior and middle rectal veins

Name the four lobes of the liver.

Right, left, caudate, and quadrate

Which liver lobe sits directly against the IVC?

Caudate lobe

Which liver lobe sits next to the gallbladder?

Quadrate lobe

Name the three structures that make up the portal triad.

Hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein, and the hepatic duct

What percentage of blood supply to the liver comes from the portal vein vs. the hepatic artery?

75–80% from the portal vein, 20–25% from the hepatic artery

Name the resident macrophages that line the liver sinusoids.

Kupffer cells

In the liver acinus, which zone is closest to the portal triad and most oxygenated?

Zone 1

In the liver acinus, which zone is closest to the central vein and most vulnerable to ischemia/toxins?

Zone 3

Absorbed dietary lipids bypass the liver and travel via which route to reach systemic circulation?

Intestinal lymphatics → thoracic duct

This early stage of liver damage involves fat accumulation in hepatocytes and is reversible.

Steatosis (fatty liver)

This late stage of liver damage involves diffuse fibrosis and regenerative nodules and is largely irreversible.

Cirrhosis

Portal vein pressure, normally around 10 mmHg, rises to what range in portal hypertension?

20–30+ mmHg

Name three major consequences of portal hypertension.

Esophageal varices, splenomegaly, and portal vein thrombosis

Classify this cause of splenomegaly: portal vein thrombosis.

Pre-hepatic cause

Classify this cause of splenomegaly: cirrhosis or schistosomiasis

Intra-hepatic cause

Classify this cause of splenomegaly: Budd-Chiari syndrome (thrombosis of hepatic vv.) or constrictive pericarditis.

Post-hepatic cause

Name the primary liver cancer arising from hepatocytes, often in the setting of cirrhosis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Metastatic liver tumors classically appear on gross exam with this feature

Multiple, well-circumscribed nodules of varying sizes

The majority of gallstones are composed of what substance?

bile & cholesterol

Name the 2 narrowest points of the biliary tract where gallstones most commonly become lodged.

(1) neck of the gallbladder & (2) ampulla of Vater

Bile duct obstruction leading to bilirubin accumulation in the skin and sclera causes what clinical sign?

Jaundice

Name the two functional roles of the pancreas.

Exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (insulin)

What percentage of pancreatic cancers occur in the head of the pancreas?

About 60%

Why does a pancreatic head tumor commonly cause jaundice?

It obstructs the common bile duct as it passes through the pancreatic head

Although not a digestive organ, the spleen is vascularly connected to the GI tract via which vessels?

Splenic artery & vein