IB psych 12 human relationships

bowlby

researcher who coined “attachment theory”

ainsworth

researcher of “strange situation” study

ainsworth’s “strange situation” study

children ages 12-18 were left alone in a room and then reunited with their mothers

findings of “strange situation” study

three attachment styles: secure, ambivalent-insecure, avoidant-insecure (disorganized-insecure found later by main and solomon)

harlow

researcher of maternal deprivation studies

harlow’s maternal deprivation studies

newborn monkeys separated from mothers, monkeys spent most time with cloth mother instead of wire mother with bottle

schaffer and emerson

researchers of the stages of attachment

pre-attachment stage

1st stage of attachment, birth - 3 months; no attachment to specific caregiver, crying to ask for needs met

indiscriminate attachment

2nd stage of attachment, 6 weeks - 7 months; infants begin to show caregiver preferences and can recognize familiar people vs. strangers

discriminate attachment

3rd stage of attachment, 7-11 months; strong preference towards one person, stranger danger

multiple attachments

4th stage of attachment, 9 months+; children form emotional bonds with caregivers other than primary attachment

ambivalent attachment

very distressed when parent leaves, stems from lack of reliable parental availability

avoidant attachment

avoids parents and no preference of caregivers over strangers, stems from abusive or neglectful caregivers

disorganized attachment

mixed behavior, may act confused or avoid parent, stems from inconsistent caregiver behavior

reactive attachment disorder

children don’t form healthy bonds with caregivers, usually a result of early childhood abuse or neglect

disinhibited social engagement disorder

excessively familiar behaviors around strangers and lack of social boundaries

sternberg

created the triangular theory of love

passion, intimacy, commitment

the three corners of the triangular theory of love

liking

intimacy alone in a relationship

empty love

commitment alone in a relationship

infatuation

passion alone in a relationship

romantic love

intimacy and passion

fatuous love

passion and commitment

companionate love

intimacy and commitment

consummate love

a relationship with intimacy, passion, and commitment

knapp

created the relational model of "coming together" and "coming apart"

initiating

step 1 of the "coming together" phase: making a first impression

experimenting

step 2 of the "coming together" phase: start disclosing personal info and common interests

intensifying

step 3 of the "coming together" phase: increase in nonverbal communication, mutual affection, devotion with time

integrating

step 4 of the "coming together" phase: becoming a part of each others lives, introducing each other to other important people

bonding

step 5 of the "coming together" phase: "official commitment" (verbalized)

differentiating

step 1 of the "coming apart" stage: maintaining an individual identity, still spending time apart & w/ others

circumscribing

step 2 of the "coming apart" stage: intimacy drops, differentiating without keeping the bond, lack of alone time together

stagnating

step 3 of the "coming apart" stage: lack of interest in each other, only communicating when necessary, lack of passion

avoiding

step 4 of the "coming apart" stage: emotional and physical distance, making an effort to stay away from each other, negative nonverbal communications

terminating

step 5 of the "coming apart" stage: agreed upon end of relationship by both parties

gottman

created "the four horsemen of a relationship", studied relationships using numbers

criticism

one of the four horsemen: breaking partner down with excessive critiques of their behaviors

contempt

one of the four horsemen: sarcasm, annoyance, or lack of interest in your partner

stonewalling

one of the four horsemen: avoidance, shutting down, "the cold shoulder"

defensiveness

one of the four horsemen: being overly protective of yourself and your beliefs, not listening to partner's perspective

the four horsemen of a relationship (gottman)

criticism, contempt, stonewalling, defensiveness

the sound house theory (gottman)

the (house shaped) structure of a healthy relationship

pillars of the sound house theory

trust and communication

making love maps

sound house theory: getting to know one another's worlds

floors of the sound house theory

making love maps, share fondness & admiration, turn towards instead of away, the positive perspective, manage conflict, make life dreams come true, create shared meaning

jones et al

social proof theory

findings of social proof theory

humans are attracted to people that others find interesting or desirable

wedekind

scent of attraction

findings of scent of attraction study

people often found smells of those with different MHC more attractive, women on birth control more likely preferred similar MHC instead

MHC genes

directly linked to pheromones which affect a person’s to them through smell, the more it differs from your own the more you’re likely attracted to it

fisher (and brown and aron)

MRI love scans