Human Growth and development CH1 part one TERMS

essentials of lifespan development. Processes and theories.

Life-span perspective

The perspective that development is 1.Lifelong 2. Multidimensional, 3. Multidirectional 4. Plastic 5. Multidisciplinary 6. Contextual

Development

The pattern of movement and change that begins at conception and continues through the life-span.

Biological processes

Changes in an individual's physical nature, including genes, brain development, height and weight, etc.

Cognitive processes

Changes in an individual's thinking, intelligence, and language.

Socioemotional processes

Changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, personality, and emotional regulation.

Context

The settings and circumstances in which development occurs, including families, schools, peer groups, neighborhoods, communities, and cultures.

Culture

The patterns of behavior, beliefs, and other products of a group of people that are passed from one generation to another.

Ethnicity

A characteristic rooted in cultural heritage, including nationality, race, religion, and language.

Gender

Characteristics/expectations associated with being male or female.

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A person's position in society involving factors such as income, education, and occupation.

Normative age-graded influences

Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group.

Normative history-graded influences

Influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances.

Non-normative life events

Unusual events that have a major impact on an individual's life but are not experienced by most people.

Cohort effects

The effects of being born during a particular period in history, causing people in the same cohort to share historical experiences that can influence development.

Nature-nurture issue

The debate over the extent to which development is influenced by biological inheritance VS environmental experiences.

Stability-change issue

The question of whether people remain stable over time or whether their characteristics change as they develop. *Degree of influence later in life

Continuity-discontinuity issue

The debate over whether development occurs gradually and continuously or through distinct stages. Gradual VS Abrupt development.

Theory

An interrelated set of ideas that helps organize information, explain observations, and make predictions that can be tested.

Hypotheses

Specific assertions or predictions that can be tested and are derived from theories.

Psychoanalytic theories

Theories that emphasize that development is primarily influenced by unconscious processes, with early experiences playing an important role.

Freud's theory

A psychoanalytic theory emphasizing unconscious processes and proposing that development is influenced by sexual and aggressive instincts and early experiences.

Freud’s 5 Psychosexual stages

Oral stage (mouth) > Anal stage (butt) > phallic stage (genitals) > Latency stage (suppress) > Genital stage (sexual reawakening)

Psychosexual stages

Freud's stages of development, in which individuals' development is influenced by how sexual energy is expressed during different periods of life.

Erikson's psychosocial theory

A theory proposing eight stages of psychosocial development across the life span, with each stage involving a developmental crisis or conflict that must be resolved.

Erikson’s 8 Stages in order

1. Trust vs Mistrust

2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

3. Initiative vs. guilt

4. Industry vs. inferiority

5. Identity vs. identity confusion

6. Intimacy vs. isolation

7. Generativity vs. stagnation

8. Integrity vs. despair

Trust vs. mistrust

Stage One (Infancy)- developing trust in caregivers and the world.

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Second stage (early childhood) the major issue is developing independence and a sense of control.

Initiative vs. guilt

Erikson's third stage; during early childhood (3-5), the major issue is taking initiative and pursuing activities.

Industry vs. inferiority

Erikson's fourth stage; during the school years (6-puberty), the major issue is developing competence and feeling capable.

Identity vs. identity confusion

Erikson's fifth stage; during adolescence (10-18), the major issue is developing a sense of identity.

Intimacy vs. isolation

Erikson's sixth stage; during early adulthood (18-40), the major issue is forming close relationships.

Generativity vs. stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage; during middle adulthood (40-60), the major issue is contributing to the next generation.

Integrity vs. despair

Erikson's eighth stage; during late adulthood (60-death), the major issue is reflecting on one's life with a sense of fulfillment.