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WWI - 4 Main Causes
Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliance system
Zimmerman Note
Secret communication telegram from Germany. Proposed alliance with Mexico if the U.S entered the war against them. Germany said Mexico would regain Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. Helped bring the U.S into the war.
Lusitania
A UK registered boat that was torpedoed by a German Navy U-boat in 1915. Helped bring the U.S into the war, fueled anti-German beliefs
Trench Warfare
A type of land used to protect military persons from harm. A deep trench that could fit many military members.
Doughboys
A name used to refer to soldiers in WWI, specifically troops deployed in Europe that were part of the American Expeditionary Forces.
14 Points - main points and author
On January 8th, 1918, Wilson argued his plans for a world after war before Congress. This program was Wilson's "14 Points".
Open diplomacy without secret treaties
Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace
Equal trade conditions
Decrease armaments among all nations
Adjust colonial claims 6 - 13. Restoration of occupied territories to Russia, Belgium, France, Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro. Based on historically established lines of allegiance and nationality.
Creation of the League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles - effective? impact on Germany?
The big four (Britain, Italy, France, and U.S) met to discuss a treaty for the war. Instead of making peace they blamed the war on Germany and Germany faced many additional fines and issues. This was one of the reasons WW2 started.
League of Nations
An international organization established by the Allied powers at the close of World War I to promote international peace and security. Member nations would agree to protect each other's independence and territorial integrity. They would work together to resolve such conflicts before they escalated into wars.
Central Powers (WW1)
Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers (WW1)
Consisted of Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Canada, Japan, and the US.
Roaring 20's - roars how?
a nickname given to the 1920s because of the decade's prosperity, technological advances, and cultural boom
Modernists vs Traditionalists
Modernists > Accepts change, growth, and new styles. Traditionalists > Sticks to their values even if dated. Culture and religion.
Scopes Trial
science teacher taught evolution in school but was tried for disobeying a law that banned from teaching about biologcial evolution in school Scopes believed this was not fair because the law was unjust in the first place.Red Scare
Red Scare
the postwar fear of radicals that was created because anarchist and communist groups that were on the rise and americans viewed them with suspicion and alarm.
Palmer Raids
Attorney General Mitchell Palmer launched a campaign against subversives in 1919. He and his assistant raided homes and businesses in an attempt to arrest and search radicals. They arrested 6,000 suspected radicals and deported many more.
Harlem Renaissance
A time where black music and culture flourished. Centered in Harlem, New York.
Jazz
A genre a music originating from African American culture. Rose in the Jazz age - 1918
Prohibition
prohibited alcoholic beverages, believed it would help in getting rid of crime, family tensions, and violence. Supported by those who lived in more rural areas and drinking was associated with immigrants. Increased illegal activity from normal law abiding citizens, doomed from the start.
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929; the worst day of plunging stock market prices during the stock market crash that helped initiate the Great Depression
Dust Bowl
Dust Bowl - 100 million acres of farmland in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas. A journalist traveling through the region described the region as a Dust Bowl
Migrant Mother
A famous photograph that displays the hardship of migrant workers in America during the Great Depression.
Hoovervilles
Groups of small "homes" that housed people who lost everything during the great depression.
FDR's first 100 Days
the first three months of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, during which Congress passed a record number of bills in order to implement the New Deal
New Deal - 3 R's
relief recovery reform
CCC
Civilian Conservation Corps: a work-relief program established in 1933, as part of the First Hundred Days of the New Deal, to provide work for unemployed Americans during the Great Depression
TVA
Tennessee Valley Authority. Provided jobs and electricity to homes in the Tennessee River Valley. Also taught farming methods, planted trees, and built dams.
SSA
Social Security Act of 1935. Created Social Security Program and insurance against unemployment.
SEC
Securities Act of 1933. Provided investors and markets with more reliable information and clear rules.
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Protects depositors from insured bank failure.
Main criticisms of New Deal
Too many compromises for political power
Didn't change unequal distribution of wealth
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941. Surprise military attack by the Japanese navy air service on the U.S naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii. Pushed America into WW2.
D-day
June 6, 1944. The U.S and their Allies landed on a well defended coast of France to fight Nazi Germany on Normandy beaches. By the end they gained foot on Continental Europe. Many died but that was the start of defeating Hitler and the Nazi's.
Battle of the Bulge
Germany’s last offensive battle in WW2. The battle lasted 6 weeks and was extremely brutal. Cold and a surprise attack, allied air forces couldn’t help due to weather. The Germans surrendered on December 22 1944 because Eisenhower sent in more units and the 101st Airborne Division.
Island Hopping
Military strategy used by the Allies against Japan. Bypassed heavily defended islands instead of trying to capture every island on their way to the final destination. Secured small islands.
Manhattan Project
The top-secret U.S. government project that developed the atomic bomb.
Hiroshima/Nagasaki
Harry Truman approved the atomic bomb to be used on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing about 120,000 Japanese instantly. It is estimated 250,000 Japanese died directly or indirectly from these detonations.
Rosie the Riveter
A symbol for women who worked in factories and shipyards during WW2.
Final Solution
A term used by Nazi Germany which caused their killing of Jewish people. A plan to "get rid of the issues in Germany".
Axis Powers (WW2)
the alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II
Allies (WW2)
The military alliance that fought against the Axis Powers. U.S, Great Britian, and the Soviet Union.
GI Bill
A law that provided benefits for returning WW2 veterans. Help payed for tuition, books, and housing at an institution of higher learning.
Marshall Plan
Under Truman. Gave economic assistance to devastated nations in Europe. Showed they cared about getting rid of poverty and hunger.
Molotov Plan
The Molotov Plan was the system created by the Soviet Union in 1947 in order to provide aid to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were politically and economically aligned to the Soviet Union. (Russia's copy of the Marshall Plan)
Truman Doctrine
A policy of Truman's which soon became known as the Truman Doctrine, that it was the obligation of the US to support, financially and militarily, free people that were attempting to resist communism. The two countries originally covered in this policy were Greece and Turkey.
Berlin Blockade
First international crises of the Cold War. The Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies railways, roads, and canals to sections of Berlin under Western control.
The Rosenbergs
the controversial 1951 trial of two Americans, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, charged with passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; the two were sentenced to death and executed in 1953, making them the only American civilians to be put to death for spying during the Cold War
McCarthyism
the practice of publicly accusing people of subversive activities without evidence to back up the charges; named for Senator Joseph McCarthy, who began such a practice in the early 1950s as part of the search for communists in the United States during the early Cold War
Korean War
A war fought on the Korean peninsula from 1950 to 1953 between the invading communist North Koreans, and defending democratic South Koreans. The United States and UN sent forces to support South Korea and reunify the Korean Peninsula into one state.
38th Parallel
(Korean War) Most of the fighting occurred near the 38th Parallel, and in 1953 the two nations signed an armistice and divided the peninsula into two across the 28th Parallel.
DMZ
The Demilitarized Zone on the 38th parallel between North and South Korea.
MacArthur
MacArthur had led the troops in South Korea. He was fired for requesting to bomb China and blockade their ports once they had entered the conflict. He publicly questioned why President Truman refused to take further action, which eventually led to his termination.
Rock and Roll
A new kind of loud fast music that attracted young people
Elvis and the Ed Sullivan show
He appeared for the first time on September 9, 1956 and appeared three more times after that. Ed Sullivan originally said he would never let him on the show until other shows beat him in popularity after putting Elvis on. Censored on his last appearance on the show.
Baby Boom
the large increase in the number of babies that took place after ww2 and lasted until 1964
Conformity
a time when everyone behaved and thought in socially expected ways
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It consisted of the US, Canada, and 10 other European countries.
Executive Order 9981
The order that desegregated the armed forces.
Brown vs BOE
NAACP sued the topeka school district because they did not allow for black children to attend its schools and this led to a supreme court ruling which ultimately made it unconstitutional to segregate schools.
Rosa Parks
Major Civil Rights activist. Stayed at her seat on the bus even when told to move by a white person. Got arrested, her movement led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Little Rock 9
Arkansas governor Faubus calls the Arkansas National Guard to prevent integration in this school. So, Eisenhower sends in federal troops to maintain order and enforce integration. Nine African American students.
MLK Jr. Tactics
sleeping w other hoes. Martin Luther King Jr.'s strategy in the fight for civil rights was one of nonviolence. King's weapons of choice were peaceful protest, powerful speeches, and boycotts. King explicitly worked with white people to achieve his goals, and supported integration of black and white people, not separation.
malcom X
Seen as the opposite to Mr. King. Fought for the same thing he did but with a more violent approach. Thought white people should pay for their actions. Fought for equality in a way where he wanted white people to experience what black ppl have gone through.
Jackie Robinson
After World War I, baseball was still a segregated sport separated by a color line. Jackie Robinson was the first black man to cross the color barrier when he was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers.
Thurgood Marshall
The lead of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. He was the lead lawyer in the Brown vs. Board of Education case, and would later become the first black Supreme Court justice.
Great Society
President Lyndon Johnson's domestic reform program from 1965 to 1969, which focused on social welfare improvements, with the War on Poverty at its centerpiece, and almost all of which Congress passed.
Headstart
Created programs for low-income preschool children. Part of the Great Society program.
March on Washington, DC 1963
1963 protest in which more than 250,000 people demonstrated in the nation's capital for "jobs and freedom" and the passage of civil rights legislation, most notable event from the march was martin luther's i have a dream speech.
Nation Organization for Women
This group of mostly middle-aged, middle-class women pledged "to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society."
Bay of Pigs Invasion
A failed military invasion to get Cuban leader Fidel Castro out of power. American trained Cubans fought but were outnumbered by Castro's men.
Cuban Missile Crisis
The Soviet Union started to plant missiles in Cuba to attack the U.S. The confrontation era is what is known as the Cuban Missile crisis. The U.S and the Soviet Union were on the brink of war until an agreement was made that withdrew the missiles.
Alliance of Progress
Kennedy wanted to gain trust back from Latin America. Loaned more than $20 billion to Latin American nations to help promote democracy and social reforms.
Peace Corps
Founded by JFK in 1961. Provided educational and technological support to developing countries through the work of trained, college-aged American volunteers.
Camelot
A nickname given to the Kennedy presidency. A mythical time filled with promise and hope, named after the new running broadway musical.
Hotline
A direct phone line to Kremlin (Russia). Direct communication from the president to the Soviet Premier.
Characteristics of the Counterculture
unconventional clothes, protests, political activism, doing drugs, defying normalcy.
Domino theory
A theory that one political event in one country will cause a similar event in neighboring countries.
Tinker v. Des Moines
A case in which the Court held that the suspension of students by a public school for wearing black armbands in protest of the Vietnam War violated their first amendment rights.
Agent Orange
Herbicide used by the US military in Vietnam to kill foliage in an effort to deny cover to the enemy.
Ho Chi Minh Trail
A military supply route running from North Vietnam to South Vietnam. Sent weapons and other supplies.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
The approval of President Johnson taking any measure needed to keep the United States safe from any armed attack.
Tet Offensive
Coordinated series of North Vietnamese attacks on cities and outposts in South Vietnam. Attempt to encourage the U.S to have more involvement.
Hanoi Jane
Jane Fonda actress. Went to North Vietnam to show that America was bombing North Vietnam for no reason. Tried to help show people it was pointless.
Free Love
Social movement made to accept all forms of love. A free lifestyle with no commitment in relationships.
Space Race
August 1955 - July 1975. United States v. Soviet Union. Race to reach the moon
Kent State
Kent State massacre where the Ohio National Guard fired into a group of protesting students. 4 deaths.
Bob Dylan
Started a career with songs that defined social issues. Vietnam war and civil rights movement. Voice for rebelling teens.
J. Kennedy
35th POTUS. Served from 1961 till his assassination in 1963. Helped in the civil rights movement. Close election.
Neil Armstrong
First person to walk on the moon in 1969
R. Kennedy
JFK brother and 64th attorney general. Also assassinated at a hotel in Los Angeles while giving a speech.
Yuri Gagarin
Soviet astronaut. First man to travel into space. Died in a routine training flight.
Watergate Scandal
Major political scandal under the Nixon Administration. 1972 - 1974. Led to Nixon's resignation. Break - in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel.
Three Mile Island
Site of nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania. 1979 errors were made and the worst nuclear accident in U.S history occurred. Released radioactive gasses into the atmosphere.
Détente
The period of calming Cold War tensions between the United States and Soviet Union.
OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. Regulates the supply of oil. Sets the price in the world market.
Camp David
A retreat for the president of the U.S. In 1978 the Camp David Accords were signed which was a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.
China
In 1976 Chairman Mao Zedong died and the people were left with no leader. Communism was shaky and there were massive pro-democracy protests in Tiananmen Square.
Iran hostage situation
November 4, 1979. Iranian students detained more than 50 American staff from the U.S Embassy in Tehran. The Iranians held them for 444 days until the U.S would negotiate with them to get the hostages back. That didn't work but as soon as President Jimmy Carter left office the hostages were released.
Henry Kissinger
Served as secretary of state and national secretary advisor under Nixon and Ford. Made major decisions in ending the Vietnam war. He was given the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973.
Carter
39th POTUS. Began his career by joining his local board of education. Won election as Democrat in Georgia state senate for 4 years and lost in 1966. When he ran for president he said he was a strong man who would restore people's faith in American leaders.
Strategic Defense Initiative
"Star Wars Program". Missile defense system that protected the U.S from nuclear weapons. Didn't actually do anything but was good at scaring the Soviet Union.
