G-proteins

GDP is activated by [blank] turning it into GTP

GEF

the hydrolysis of GTP into GDP is done by a GTPase or catalyzed by [blank] or RGSs which deactivate the G-protein

GAP

not all [blank] are made up of multiple sub-units

G-proteins

[blank] G-protein complexes are made up of Ga, Gb and Gg subunits

heterotrimeric

[blank] small GTPases can consist of Ras, Rho, Ran, Rab and Arf families

monomeric

ligand (extracellular) —> GEF converts GDP to GTP of Ga —> Galpha dissociates —> effector molecule activated —>[blank] released —>late effectors —>action

second messenger

Gb/g subunits increase the affinity of Ga for GDP and act as a [blank] regulator when bound to Ga

negative

G_alpha_i inhibits [blank] while G_alpha_s stimulates it

adenylate cyclase

heterotrimeric G-proteins bind to a GPCR to convey the information from a [blank] messenger to downstream targets

first

GEFs are guanine [blank] factors

exchange

G_alpha subunits, beta/gamma, and G-protein independent can all [blank] from G protein coupled receptors

signal

[blank] is activated by G_alpha_q which mediates calcium movement from ER to cytoplasm via IP3

PLCb

intracellular [blank] stores come from the ER, SR, mitochondria, lysosomes, and nucleus

calcium

Cells maintain a [x] fold Ca2+ gradient between intracellular free Ca2+ and extracellular Ca2+

20,000

[blank] domains and EGF-domains are common calcium binding domains

EF-hand

cells maintain large calcium [blank] to facilitate rapid movement of calcium between intracellular regions

gradient

calcium moves from the ER to the [blank] through inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R)

cytoplasm

calcium moves from the cytoplasm to the ER through sarco/endoplasmic reticular Ca2+ ATPase ([blank]) transporters

SERCA

The exchangers NCX and NCKX export Ca2+ ions in exchange for [blank]

sodium

when the endoplasmic reticulum runs out of calcium, it is refilled by store activated channels ([blank])

SOCs

the main types of calcium signals are blips or [blanks], puffs, sparks and waves

quarks

calcium concentration is not [blank] across the cytoplasm

uniform

calcium dependent / Independent Protein Kinases relay information by [blank] target proteins

phosphorylating

[blank], a prototypical calcium sensor, can bind Ca2+ ions in the EF hand domain to reshape and activate it

calmodulin

[blank] is a primary effector of secondary messenger signals from cAMP

PKA

AC produces [blank] from ATP

cAMP

cAMP is released in response to activation of GPCR bound to [blank]

G_alpha_s

cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase regulate cAMP and cGMP through [blank]

degradation

[blank] is used as a fluorescent chemical indicator of calcium signaling

Fura-2 AM

CRAC channels (a type of SOC) are activated when [blank] stores of Ca2+ are depleted to allow influx of extracellular Ca2+

endoplasmic reticulum

Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase (PMCA) send an Ca2+ ion in exchange for the hydrolysis of one [blank]

ATP

[blank] (RyR) are similar to IP3 receptors in moving calcium from ER to cytoplasm but are activated by APs

ryanodine receptors