AP Bio

in a hardy-weinberg population with 2 alleles. A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. what is the frequency of the homozygous genotype for this allele in the population?

0.09

if 2 modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that

they should share fewer homologous structures than 2 more closely related organisms

currently, 2 elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta and a 3rd species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate phylogenetic tree?

Z/X/Y

The restriction enzymes of bacteria protect the bacteria from successful attack by bacteriophages, whose genomes can be degraded by the restriction enzymes. The bacterial genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction enzymes because bacterial DNA is methylated. this situation selects for bacteriophages whose genomes are also methylated. As new strains of resistant bacteriophages become more prevalent, this in turn selects for bacteria whose genomes are not methylated and whose restriction enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA. The outcome of the conflict between bacteria and bacteriophage at any point in time results from?

frequency-dependent selection

what is true of macro evolution?

it is evolution above the species level

considering the overall human population of the US mainland at the time when the slave trade brought large numbers of people from equatorial Africa, what was primarily acting to change the frequency of the sickle-cell allele in the overall US population?

gene flow

according to the concept of punctuated equilibrium

evolution of new species features long periods during which changes are occurring, interspersed with short periods of equilibrium or stasis

if the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has 1/16 the normal amount of carbon-14 should be about how many years old?

22,900

a trend toward the decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of

cline

the role that humans play in artificial selection is to

choose which organisms breed, and which do not

which of the following statements best refutes the claim that the human appendix is a vestigial organ?

the appendix has a substantial amount of defensive lymphatic tissue

males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. these rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. what type of reproductive isolation does this represent?

behavioral isolation

in a small population of ten people, all have free earlobes, and two are heterozygous for that trait. the allele for free earlobes (E) is dominant to the allele for attache earlobes (e). which of these is closest to the allele frequency in the population?

0.1 e, 0.9 E

when scientists decided to reclassify organisms by introducing to the concept of three domains, they did so because they found that one group of prokaryotes archaea- was more genetically similar to eukaryotes than to the other major group of prokaryotes- bacteria. which of the following would have been most helpful in making this determination?

molecular systematics

anopheles mosquitoes, which carry the malaria parasite, cannot live above elevations of 5,900 feet. in addition, oxygen availibity decreases with higher altitude. consider a hypothetical human population that is adapted to life on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, a country in equatorial Africa. Mt. Kilimanjaro's base is about 2,600 feet above sea level and its peak is 19,341 feet above sea level. If the incidence of the sickle-cell allele in the population is plotted against altitude (feet above sea level), which of the following distributions is most likely, assuming little migration of people up or down the mountain?

B

which of the following organisms did NOT contributed to the rise in oxygen levels during earlier periods in earth's history?

fungi

localized group of individuals capable of breeding with each other and producing offspring

population

all of the alleles for all of the genes in a specific population

gene pool

movement of alleles between different populations

gene flow

graded change in trait along geographic axis

cline

small group of individual break from the larger population and exhibit different allelic frequencies

microevolution

structure that served important function in organisms in ancestors

vestigial

species found in only one location in the world

endemic

group of species including all ancestors and descendants

clade

specification where gene flow Is interrupted to geographic barrier

allopatric

rock form by layers of sediment accumulating on layers of bacteria

stromalite\`

what is the estimated frequency of allele A in the gene pool?

75

what % of the population is heterozygous for this trait?

50%

what is the % of heterozygous individuals in populations that live here?

32%

what % of the population has sickle-cell anemia?

0.04 \= 4%

despite the fact that the recessive allele for this trait produces a painful and potential life-threatening disorder, dealio is found in a higher than expected percentage in parts of the world where the malarial parasite is most common, because carriers of the recessive allele are immune to malaria inside for a little or no effects of sickle cell anemia. What is this phenomenon called

heterozygote advantage

list the 5 conditions that must be met for population to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

1. random mating

2. no natural selection

3. no gene flow

4. large population

5. no mutations

p

dominant allele frequency

q

recessive allele frequency

p^2

frequency of homozygous dominant

2pq

frequency of heterozygous genotype

q^2

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

temporal isolation

prezygotic

mechanical isolation

prezygotic

reduced hybrid viability

postzygotic

behavioral isolation

prezygotic

habitat isolation

prezygotic

reduced hybrid fertility

postzygotic

gametic isolation

prezygotic

it is thought that RNA is a genetic material that was first present on earth. One of the main reasons for this theory is that RNA contains molecules that allow RNA to be self replicating. What are these molecules called

ribozymes

a large number of animal fossils were discovered from Approximately 500 million years ago. This terrible event has been called what

cambridge explosion