Bio Chapters 4-7

4. What is Cell Theory?

Cell theory states that all living things are made of cells and cells are all made from other cells.

4. What 4 parts of a cell are in both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes and what do they do?

The 4 parts that are in all cells are Plasma Membrane’s that surround a cell and control the flow of molecules in and out, Cytosol that is a thick fluid that fills all cells, Chromosomes that carry the DNA of the cell, and Ribosomes that make the proteins for the cell.

4. Which type of cells have Organelles?

The cells with organelles are Eukaryotes only.

4. What is the difference between the Nucleus and a Nucleoid?

The Nucleus is an organelle inside Eukaryotic cells that stores it’s DNA while a Nucleoid is the coiled mass of DNA within a Prokaryotic cell.

4. Who was the first person to observe a cell trough a microscope?

The first person to look at a cell with a microscope was Robert Hooke.

4. Within Eukaryotic cells, what is the area within the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus?

The region that fills most of the cell outside the nucleus is the Cytoplasm.

4. What 3 organelles do plant cells have but not animal cells? What do these organelles do?

The organelles that plants uniquely have are a cell wall, that protect a plant cell and hold it’s shape, chloroplast that takes sunlight and transforms it into sugar, and a Central Vacuole which is a large sack that can store a lot of water.

4. What is the Plasma Membrane made out of and what is it’s shape reffered to as?

The Plasma Membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins floating within. This structure is referred to as a Fluid Mosaic.

4. Animal cells do not have a cell wall so what does it need to keep it’s membrane held together.

Animal cells use the Extracellular Matrix to hold it’s plasma membrane together.

4. What is the double membrane that surrounds the Nucleus?

The nucleus is surrounded by the Nucleur Envelope.

4. What is Chromatin made out of?

Chromatin is made out of long DNA strands and proteins.

4. What part of the nucleus creates Ribosomes?

The part of the Nucleus that creates Ribosomes is the Nucleolus

4. What is the function of Ribosomes?

Ribosomes build proteins.

4. What two parts make up the Endoplasmic Reticulum and what is the difference between the two?

The two parts of the Endoplasmic Reticulum are the Rough ER, that has Ribosomes, and the Smooth ER, that lacks ribosomes.

4. What does the Rough ER and Smooth ER make?

The Rough ER creates more membrane and the smooth ER makes lipids like steroids.

4. Which organelle receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products to the rest of the cell after working with the ER

The organelle that works with the ER to refine and distribute chemicals is the Glogi Apparatus

4. What purpose to Lysomes serve within a cell.

Lysomes are the digestive track of the cell that absorb and breakdown molecules to be recycled.

4. What is the main purpose of Vacuoles in a cell.

Vacuoles in a cell serve to store and transport materials within a cell

4. Which 2 organelles are known for having unique DNA and Ribosomes?

The 2 organelles that have unique DNA are Mitochondrias and Chloroplasts

4. What type of chemical energy do Mitochondria produce?

Mitochondria produces the energy ATP, also known as Adenosine TriPhosphate

4. What purpose does a Cytoskeleton serve and what is it made out of?

The Cytoskeleton makes up the cell’s skeleton and muscles and is made of a protein called Microtubules

4. What are Flagella and Cilia and what is the major difference between the two?

Flagella and Cilia are extensions out of a cell that controls it’s movements. Cilia usually completely surround the cell in short hairs while the Flagella comes in one long tail.

5. What is the literal definition of energy?

The literal definition of energy is the capacity to cause change.

5. What is the difference between Kinetic and Potential energy?

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion while Potential energy is the energy based of of something’s position and structure.

5. What is the principal of Conservation of Energy?

Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed

5. All energy transformations generate what kind of Kinetic energy?

All energy transformations generate at least a little bit of Heat energy.

5. What is the amount of randomness in a system called?

The amount of randomness in a system is called Entropy

5. What type of energy is released in Chemical Reactions?

Chemical reactions release Chemical Energy

5. What is a Calorie?

A calorie is the amount of energy it takes to raise a gram of water by 1 degree.

5. What are the parts of ATP and what does it become when it releases the last molecule of it’s tail?

ATP is made of a molecule of Adenosine and a tail of 3 Phosphate groups. When it releases it’s last phosphate group it becomes ADP

5. What turns the ADP back to ATP in the energy cycle.

Food is used to turn ADP back into ATP

5. All the chemical reactions in an organism is called what? What helps speed up these reactions?

All the chemical reactions in an organism it it’s metabolism. Enzymes help sped up these metabolic reactions.

5. When a Chemical Reaction begins, the enzymes reduce the amount of what?

Enzymes reduce the amount of Activation Energy required to start a chemical reaction.

5. An Induced Fit is when an enzyme has a ___ fit into the enzyme’s ___?

An Induced Fit is when an Enzyme has a Substrate fit into the Enzyme’s Active Site

5. What else can fit into an Enzyme’s active site, stopping the reaction?

Enzyme Inhibitors can invade the Active Site, blocking a substrate.

5. What is the most important function of the Plasma Membrane?

The most important function of the Plasma Membrane is to control what materials come in and out of the cell

5. What is Diffusion?

Diffusion is when molecules spread out to take up available space.

5. When no energy is used in Diffusion, what is it called and what direction do the molecules travel?

When no energy is used in Diffusion it is called Passive transport and the molecules move aloing the Concentration Gradient.

5. What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Facilitated Diffusion is when a substance needs assistance from a protein during Diffusion

5. What is Osmosis?

Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a membrane

What is the difference between Hypertonic, Hypotonic, and Isotonic?

Hypertonic is when a Solution has more solute compared to another. Hypotonic is when it has less Solute. Isotonic is when they’re equal.

5. Animal cells use what to control it’s water balance against tonic solutions?

Animal cells use Osmoregulation to control their water balance

5. Do Animal and Plant cells prefer Hyper, Hypo, or Isotonic environments?

Animal cells prefer Isotonic environments while plant cells prefer Hypotonic Environments

5. What is Active Transport?

Active Transport is when a cell requires energy to move a substance against the Concentration Gradient

5. What is Endocytosis and Exocytosis?

Endocytosis is when a cell takes in a material (enters) and Exocytosis is when a cell releases a material (Exits)

5. What is Phagocytosis?

Phagocytosis is when a cell takes in a food molecule and puts it in a food vacuole.

6. What are Autotrophs and Heterotrophs?

Autotroph’s are organisms that can make their own organic material and energy while Heterotrophs cannot an must consume others to get their organic material and energy.

6. What are other words for Autotrophs and Heterotrophs?

Autotrophs are also called Producers and Heterotrophs are also called Consumers

6. In photosynthesis, what are the reactants and products?

In photosynthesis, the reactants are water and carbon dioxide and produces sugars like glucose

6. What does Cellular Respiration turn sugar into after Photosynthesis?

Cellular Respiration turns the sugar from photosynthesis into ATP and also produces CO2 and Water

6. Cellular Respiration is considered an Aerobic process why? What does Anaerobic mean?

Cellular Respiration is an Aerobic process because it requires Oxygen. Anaerobic means without oxygen.

6. What are the three main stages of Cellular Respiration?

The three main stages of Cellular Respiration is Glycolysis, then the Citric Acid Cycle, and finally the Electron Transport Chain

6. Glycolysis mainly breaks apart what to make what?

Glycolysis breaks apart a Glucose molecule to create 2 Pyruvic Acid

6. In what part of the cell do the 3 steps of Cellular Respiration take place?

Glycolysis takes place in the Cytoplasm while the Citric Acid Cycle and the Electron transport Chain happen in the mitochondria.

6. What does the Citric Acid Cycle accomplish?

The Citric Acid Cycle completes the breakdown of Glucose and releases CO2 as waste

6. What is another name for the Citric Acid Cycle?

The Citric acid Cycle is also called the Krebs Cycle

6. In Cellular Respiration, most energy is transformed into what before being transported to the Electron Transport Chain?

Most of the energy is transformed into NADH by adding electrons to NAD+

6. In Electron Transport, what happens?

In Electron Transport, NADH has it’s electrons removed an combined with O2 to create water

6. In what stage of Cellular Respiration is most of the energy created?

Most of the energy (ATP) of Cellular Respiration is created in Electron transport

6. What is Fermenation?

Fermentation is the harvesting of foo energy without oxygen

6. What stage of Cellular Respiration does Fermentation focus on and why?

Fermentation mainly uses Glycolysis because it is the only stage that doesnt require oxygen.

6. How is Lactic Acid created?

Lactic Acid is formed in Anaerobic conditions when the NADH disposes it’s electrons to the Pyruvic Acid.

7. What molecule in Chloroplasts give leave’s its green pigment?

Chlorophyll is responsible for giving plants their green color and play a key role in photosynthesis

7. What is the fluid within the double membrane of Chloroplasts?

The fluid that fills chloroplasts is Stroma.

7. Inside a a Chloroplast there are stacks of membranous sacks. What are the sacks called and what are the stacks called?

The membranous sacks inside a chloroplast are Thylakoids that are in stacks of Grana.

7. What are the 2 main stages of Photosynthesis?

The 2 main stages of Photosynthesis are the Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle.

7. What happens in Light reactions?

In Light reactions, Solar energy is absorbed by the Thylakoids of a Chloroplast and converted into ATP and NADPH

7. What happens in the Calvin Cylce?

The Calvin takes the products of Light Reaction to make sugar from CO2

7. What is Carbon Fixation?

Carbon Fixation is the Incorporation of Carbon from CO2 into organic compounds.

7. What are Photoautotrophs?

Photoautotrophs are Autotrophs that do Photosynthesis

7. What are the 3 main Pigment molecules in a Chloroplast?

The 3 pigment molecules in a Chloroplast are Chlorophyll a, which absorbs mainly blue-violet and red wavelengths. Chlorophyll b that does not directly absorb light but helps Chlorophyll a. And Caroteroids that absorbs blue-green wavelengths.

7. What are the Reactants and Products of Light Reactions?

Light reactions take in solar energy and H20 to produce ATP NADPH and O2

7. What is Reduction?

Reduction is to gain electrons

7. In the Electromagnetic Spectrum, what is a wavelength?

A wavelength is the distance between the crests of 2 waves.

7. Why are Chloroplasts green?

Chloroplasts are green because when leaves are hit with light, chloroplasts absorb all wavelengths but green.

7. What is a photon and what type of photon has more energy?

A photon is a fixed quantity of light energy and the shorter the wavelength the more energy a photon has.

7. What is a Photosystem?

Photosystems are groups of pigment molecules within a plant cell.

7. How much material made in photosynthesis is immediately used in Cellular Respiration.

About 50% of the material made in photosynthesis is used for cellular respiration.

7. What happens when a pigment molecule absorbs a photon?

When a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, one it’s electrons becomes an excited electron.

7. The Calvin Cycle uses what to created what?

The reactants of the Calvin Cycle are CO2, ATP, and NADPH to produce a sugar of G3P