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Meristems
Locations in plants where growth occurs, similar to stem cells in animals.
Apical meristems
Found at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for primary growth and the production of major plant tissues.
Lateral meristem
Present in woody plants, contributes to secondary growth by increasing diameter.
Primary growth
Increase in length of shoots and roots.
Secondary growth
Enlargement of woody plant tissues like stems, branches, and roots.
Ground tissue
Plant tissue that can be protective or photosynthetic.
Vascular tissue
Consists of xylem and phloem for water and nutrient transport.
Dermal tissue
Outer covering of plants with specialized guard cells for gas exchange.
Parenchyma
Common plant cell type responsible for photosynthesis.
Collenchyma
Supportive tissue in living plant parts.
Sclerenchyma
Supportive tissue in dead plant parts aiding in nutrient transport.
Xylem
Conducts water and minerals in plants.
Phloem
Conducts carbohydrates for plant food.
Root cap
Protects the root tip from soil damage.
Root hairs
Increase root surface area for better absorption.
Axillary buds
Form new stems in plants.
Monocot stem
Grasses with scattered vascular bundles.
Eudicot stem
Woody plants with vascular bundles arranged in circles.
Guard cells
Regulate gas exchange and water loss in leaves.
Apoplast route
Water transport through cell walls.
Symplast route
Water movement through cell pores.
Transmembrane route
Water transport through cell membranes.
Root pressure
Nighttime ion accumulation in roots affecting water transport.
Stomata
Open for gas exchange and close under stress conditions.
Systemic acquired resistance
Long-term plant response to pathogen attacks for quicker future defenses.
ABC model
Specifies floral organ identity where Class A genes alone specify sepals, A and B together specify petals, B and C together specify stamens, and C genes alone make carpels.
Angiosperm flower parts
Sepals, petals, stamens (anther and filament), carpels (stigma, style, ovary, ovule), and pistils (segments containing seeds).
Microgametophytes
Male gametophytes in plants; Megagametophytes:Female gametophytes in plants.
Self-pollination conditions
Favored with separate pistils and genetic incompatibility, promoting outcrossing.
Double fertilization products
Forms a zygote and endosperm, where one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other fuses with polar nuclei.
Seed germination events
Radicle emergence, stem growth, photosynthesis initiation.
Apomixis
Asexual seed production without fertilization, advantageous for seed dispersal.
Vegetative reproduction examples
Runners, rhizomes, suckers, and adventitious plantlets.
Perennial plants
Herbaceous plants living and growing for multiple years.
Annual plants
Plants completing their lifecycle in a single year.
Biennial plant life cycle
Takes two years to complete a full life cycle.
Note
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