Bio 153 Exam 4

Meristems

Locations in plants where growth occurs, similar to stem cells in animals.

Apical meristems

Found at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for primary growth and the production of major plant tissues.

Lateral meristem

Present in woody plants, contributes to secondary growth by increasing diameter.

Primary growth

Increase in length of shoots and roots.

Secondary growth

Enlargement of woody plant tissues like stems, branches, and roots.

Ground tissue

Plant tissue that can be protective or photosynthetic.

Vascular tissue

Consists of xylem and phloem for water and nutrient transport.

Dermal tissue

Outer covering of plants with specialized guard cells for gas exchange.

Parenchyma

Common plant cell type responsible for photosynthesis.

Collenchyma

Supportive tissue in living plant parts.

Sclerenchyma

Supportive tissue in dead plant parts aiding in nutrient transport.

Xylem

Conducts water and minerals in plants.

Phloem

Conducts carbohydrates for plant food.

Root cap

Protects the root tip from soil damage.

Root hairs

Increase root surface area for better absorption.

Axillary buds

Form new stems in plants.

Monocot stem

Grasses with scattered vascular bundles.

Eudicot stem

Woody plants with vascular bundles arranged in circles.

Guard cells

Regulate gas exchange and water loss in leaves.

Apoplast route

Water transport through cell walls.

Symplast route

Water movement through cell pores.

Transmembrane route

Water transport through cell membranes.

Root pressure

Nighttime ion accumulation in roots affecting water transport.

Stomata

Open for gas exchange and close under stress conditions.

Systemic acquired resistance

Long-term plant response to pathogen attacks for quicker future defenses.

ABC model

Specifies floral organ identity where Class A genes alone specify sepals, A and B together specify petals, B and C together specify stamens, and C genes alone make carpels.

Angiosperm flower parts

Sepals, petals, stamens (anther and filament), carpels (stigma, style, ovary, ovule), and pistils (segments containing seeds).

Microgametophytes

Male gametophytes in plants; Megagametophytes:Female gametophytes in plants.

Self-pollination conditions

Favored with separate pistils and genetic incompatibility, promoting outcrossing.

Double fertilization products

Forms a zygote and endosperm, where one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other fuses with polar nuclei.

Seed germination events

Radicle emergence, stem growth, photosynthesis initiation.

Apomixis

Asexual seed production without fertilization, advantageous for seed dispersal.

Vegetative reproduction examples

Runners, rhizomes, suckers, and adventitious plantlets.

Perennial plants

Herbaceous plants living and growing for multiple years.

Annual plants

Plants completing their lifecycle in a single year.

Biennial plant life cycle

Takes two years to complete a full life cycle.