AICE Marine Science Unit 1

Kenitic particle theory

says all matters consists of very small atoms which are constantly moving or in a state of motion

degree of which particles movie is determined by how much energy they have

structure of an atom

nucleus made up of protons and neutrons

the electrons make up the surrounding area

covalent bond

forms when atoms share a pair of electrons and is a STRONG BOND

how many covelant bonds does a water molocule have?

two

what kind of molocule is a water molocule

a Polar molocule meaning it has poles with a positive or negative charge

Ionic bonds are

an atom that has gained or lost an electron from its outer shell

salts are made from what?

ions that include an ionic bond

hydrogen bonding is

a bond that contains a hydrogen atom and an atom of oxygen, nitrogen or flourine
and is a WEAKER BOND

how does hydrogen bonds effect properties of water

allows water to interact with ionic and covalent bonds and for bonds with many substances becoming a universal solvent

allows water to be less dense when frozen because it forms a lattice shape

allows it to have a high specific heat capacity due to amount of hydrogen bonds

What is a solvent?

substance that is able to dissolve other substances

what is a solute?

a solid that dissolves in a solvent

what is a solution

a mixture of solute dissolved in a solvent

what is dissolution of ions

the process of being dissolved or the break apart of salts

describe how soluble salts dissolve in water by dissolution of ions

sodium breaks apart and attatches to water molocules forming ionic bonds

What is salinity?

A measure of the amount of dissolved salts in seawater

what is hypersaline

when a body of water has a salinity higher than 40ppt

what causes an increase in salinity

evaporation

what causes a decrease in salinity

precipitation
runoff
surface runoff

what is mixing in the layers of the ocean caused by

it is driven by density.

what can change the density in the ocean

change in temperature and salinity. these changes cause water to move up and down the water colum and this movement causes mixing!

what is pH

the potential of hydrogen or the measurement of the ion concentration in the water

what are three ways to measure pH?

litmus paper
Universal indicator paper
pH probe

what is gas solubility

how the gas reacts with water

how will water temperature impact the solubility of gases in seawater?

increase temperature= increase in kenitic energy= a decrease in solubility

how will atmospheric pressure impact the solubility of gases in seawater

increase of ATM pressure= increase in solubility

how will water pressure due to depth impact the solubility of gases in seawater?

increase depth= increased water pressure= increased solubility

how will salinity of seawater impact the solubility of gases in seawater

increase in salinity=decrease in solubility

dissolved oxygen is

concentration of oxygen dissolved in a solution

oxygen minimum layer

the layer within the ocean where the concentration of dissolved oxygen is at its lowest, typically found between 100 and 1000 m deep

what layer of the ocean is dissolved oxygen higher

photic zone because of turbulant water and photosynthesis

DO level can sometimes reach zero bcs of

lack of oxygen being introduced
consumers still preforming respiration to survive

after after oxygen minimum layer, DO begin to increase with water depth because of

decomposition has been completed and less respiration has been carried out by bacteria

few food resources so less respiration

solubility of oxygen increases as the pressure increases

how can temputure change the density in seawater?

as temp increases density decreases. warm less dense water floats on top of cold less dense water.

what is the thermocline?

zone of rapid temperature change

how does pressure affect density of water ?

pressure increases with increased depth, with increased pressure molocules are pushed closer together forcing more molocules into smaller volumes increasing density

What is the pycnocline?

rapid change of density with depth

How does salinity affect density of water?

higher salinity= higher density.

What is a halocline?

rapid change of salinity with depth