Foundations

What are occupations?

Everyday activities that people do to bring meaning and purpose to life.

What is occupational performance?

The act of completing meaningful activities by a person, group or population.

What are performance skills?

Goal directed actions that contribute to occupational performance.

What are the three different types of skills?

Motor skills, process skills, and social interaction skills.

What is functional anatomy?

The underlying body structures that contribute to movements involved in daily function.

What is functional mobility?

Moving from one position or place to another.

What is purposeful movement?

The nature of movement involved in occupational performances.

What are performance patterns?

The habits, routines, roles and rituals that create the rhythms and expectations of daily life.

What is the origin of a muscle?

The attachment that moves the least.

What is the insertion of a muscle?

The attachment that is more movable.

What is palpation?

The use of physical touch on the body.

What is surface anatomy?

The features of anatomy that are palpable or visible on the surface of the skin.

What is a bony landmark?

A specific component of a bone that protrudes beneath the skin.

What are the three planes of motion?

Sagittal, frontal, transverse.

What movements occur in the sagittal plane?

Flexion and extension.

What movements occur in the frontal plane?

Abduction and adduction.

What movements occur in the transverse plane?

Rotatory motions.

What are the three axes of motion?

Frontal, sagittal, and vertical.

How is the frontal axis positioned?

Medial to lateral.

How is the sagittal axis positioned?

Anterior to posterior.

How is the vertical axis positioned?

Inferior to superior.

What are kinetic chains?

The cooperative, interdependent movement of the segments and joints of the body.

What is a closed chain movement?

Proximal joints moving in relation to a fixed (nonmoving) distal segment.

What is an open chain movement?

Involves free movement of the distal body segment in space.

What is force?

Any push or pull of matter.

What kind of motion is tensile force?

pulling

What kind of motion is compressive force?

pushing

What are the two types of force in human movements?

Resistive force and exerted force.

What is effort?

The force generated by muscles.

What is a moment/torque?

The turning effect of force.

What is mechanical advantage?

The leverage a muscle has over a joint.

What are levers in the body?

Pulley systems in the body that provide mechanical advantage and generate functional motion.

What is a first-class lever?

Exerted force and resistive force are on opposite sides of an axis

What is an example of a first class lever?

neck flexion of extension

What is a second-class lever? Give an example.

The resistive force is closer to the axis than the exerted force

What is an example of a second class lever?

calf raises

What is a third-class lever?

The exerted force is closer to the axis than the resistive force

What is an example of a third class lever?

using a shovel

What is elasticity?

The ability to stretch and return to the original shape after tensile force is removed.

What is stress?

The amount of applied force per area.

What is strain?

The amount of material displacement under a specific amount of stress.

What is Young’s Modulus?

A diagram to demonstrate the stiffness of a particular material.

What is load to failure?

The permanent rupture or deformation.

What is yield point?

The maximum stress that can be sustained before tissue failure.

What are the two main components of bone?

Collagen and calcium mineral base (hydroxyapatite).

Which bone type has a higher mineral content?

Cortical bone.

Which bone type has a higher concentration of collagen?

Cancellous (spongy) bone.

Where is cortical bone found?

The shaft of long bones like the humerus and femur.

Where is cancellous bone found?

The marrow cavity and at the ends of the long bones.

What is articular (hyaline) cartilage?

Cartilage that covers the articulating ends of long bones

What is the purpose of articular cartilage?

to provide a cushion

What is osteoarthritis?

A musculoskeletal pathology that involves the degeneration of cartilage within a joint.

What do ligaments connect?

Bone to bone.

What do tendons connect?

Muscle to bone.

What is a joint capsule?

A dense fibrous sleeve around a synovial joint

What does a joint capsule do?

provides stability

What is aponeurosis?

A broad fibrous insertion that often connects adjacent muscles.

What are three types of muscles?

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal.

What do skeletal muscles do?

Move the bones of the skeleton, supplying force for purposeful movement.

What does cardiac muscle do?

Forms the muscular components of the heart.

What does smooth muscle do?

Lines the internal organs.

What is histology?

The microscopic study of bone tissue and its composition.

What is the endomysium?

The connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle fiber.

What are fascicles?

Groups of muscle fibers.

What is the epimysium?

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds groups of fascicles.

What do the perimysium and the epimysium provide for muscles?

Muscle extensibility, or the ability to be stretched.

What are myofibrils?

Long cylindrical strands of contractile proteins.

What are sarcomeres?

Divided segments of myofibrils that are the contractile units.

What does myosin compose?

Thick filaments.

What does actin compose?

Thin filaments.

What is the physiological cross-sectional area?

The area of a cross section of muscle at its widest point.

What are pennate muscles?

Muscles in which the fibers are oriented obliquely to the tendon.

What are examples of multipennate muscles?

Deltoid, infraspinatus.

What are bipennate muscles?

Two sets of muscles on either side of the tendon; examples include lumbricals.

What are unipennate muscles?

One side of the tendon has slanted muscles

What is an example of a unipennate muscle?

semimembranosus

What are fusiform muscles? Give an example.

Muscles with fibers arranged parallel to the line of force

What is an example of a fusiform muscle?

sternocleidomastoid

What are sphincter muscles? Give examples.

Muscle fibers configured in a circle around a structure

What are examples of sphincter muscles?

orbicularis oculi and obicularis oris

When are muscles strongest?

In the midrange position where the filaments have the greatest cross linking.

What contributes to resting muscle tone?

Low grade motor signals and tension from fascia.

What are fascia tissues?

Non-contractile (passive) tissues within the muscle.

What is a flaccid muscle?

A muscle that has no innervation and feels doughy.

What is hypertonia?

Increased muscle tone

What causes hypertonia?

unregulated contractile signals

What are muscle spindles?

Elongated structures within muscle fibers

What do muscle spindles do?

signal changes in muscle length

What is a phasic stretch reflex?

A reflex that activates the agonist muscle to contract if overstretched.

What are golgi tendon organs?

Slender structures located at the junction of muscle and tendon.

What are slow twitch fibers?

Type 1 fibers that sustain low force over a long period and resist fatigue.

What are fast twitch fibers?

Type 2 fibers that generate powerful contractions but fatigue quickly.

What is motor memory?

The concept that the brain generates learned patterns of motion.

What are the four types of roles a muscle can act as?

Prime mover, antagonist, fixator, synergist.

What is a force couple?

Muscles working together in different directions

What is an example of a force couple?

scapular upward motion

What are the 3 types of muscle contractions?

Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric

What are eccentric contractions?

lengthening

What are isometric contractions?

no change in length

What are concentric contractions?

shortening